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The PROGRESSIVE ERA

The PROGRESSIVE ERA. Nation of Nations Chapter 22. The Spirit of Progressivism. Progressivism not a __________ movement Shared values sense of evangelical Protestant duty faith in the benefits of _______ commitment to improve all aspects of American life. The Rise of the Professions.

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The PROGRESSIVE ERA

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  1. The PROGRESSIVE ERA Nation of Nations Chapter 22

  2. The Spirit of Progressivism • Progressivism not a __________ movement • Shared values • sense of evangelical Protestant duty • faith in the benefits of _______ • commitment to improve all aspects of American life

  3. The Rise of the Professions • Professions bulwarks of Progressivism • Law • Medicine • Business • Education • Social work • Professionalism strengthened through entrance exams, national associations

  4. The Social-Justice Movement • Reformers forsake _______reform to address larger structural problems • Apply scientific methods to social reform • Social work became a profession

  5. The Purity Crusade • Crusade against _______ • 1911--membership in Women's Christian Temperance Union hits 250,000 • 1916--19 states prohibit alcohol • 1920--___Amendment prohibits alcohol

  6. Woman Suffrage, Woman's Rights • Women fill Progressive ranks • National Conference of Social Work • General Federation of Women's Clubs • 1890--National American Woman Suffrage Association formed • 1920--_______ Amendment passed • Suffrage seen as empowering women to benefit the disadvantaged

  7. Women’s Suffrage Before 1900

  8. A Ferment of Ideas:Challenging the Status Quo • Progressives, pragmatists, measure value of ideas by actions they inspire • Reject _______ _______ • John Dewey--education should stress personal growth, free inquiry, creativity

  9. A Ferment of Ideas:Challenging the Status Quo (2) • 1901--_______ party formed • Unites intellectuals, factory workers, tenant farmers, miners, lumberjacks • Promises Progressive reform rather than overthrow of capitalism • 1912--Socialist presidential candidate _______ _______polls over 900,000 votes

  10. Reform in the Cities and States • Progressives wanted government to follow the public will • Reform government • reorganize for efficiency, effectiveness • new agencies address particular social ills • posts staffed with experts • _______ power extended at all levels

  11. Interest Groups and the Decline of Popular Politics • Decline in voter participation • 77% from 1876-1900 • 65% from 1900-1916 • 52% in the 1920s • remains near 52% through 20th century • _______ _______get favorable legislation through _______

  12. Voter Participation in Presidential Elections, 1876-1920

  13. Reform in the Cities • Urban reform leagues form professional, nonpolitical civil service • _______commissioners replace elected officials in many cities • City ______ idea spreads

  14. Action in the States • State regulatory commissions created to investigate economic life • Initiative, referendum, and recall created • 1917--17th Amendment provides for direct election of U.S. senators

  15. Action in the States:Reform Governors • Robert ______ of Wisconsin • ______ taps experts in higher education for help in sweeping reforms • Other Progressive governors • Joseph Folk of Missouri • Hiram Johnson of California • Charles Evans Hughes of New York • Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey

  16. The Republican Roosevelt • Often defies convention • Brings an exuberance to the presidency • Surrounds himself with able associates

  17. Busting the Trusts • 1902--wave of trust-busting led by suit against Northern Securities Company • 1904--Northern Securities dissolved • Roosevelt reputed a "trust-buster" • Comparatively _____antitrust cases under Roosevelt

  18. ________ in the Coalfields • 1902--United Mine Workers strike in Pennsylvania threatens U.S. economy • U.M.W., companies to White House • Roosevelt wins company concessions by threatening military seizure of mines • Roosevelt acts as broker of interests

  19. Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height • 1904—A four-way election • Republican—Theodore Roosevelt • Democrat—Alton B. Parker • Socialist—Eugene V. Debs • Prohibition—Silas C. Swallow • Roosevelt wins 57% of popular vote, 336 electoral votes

  20. Regulating the Railroads • 1903--Elkins Act prohibits railroad rebates, strengthens Interstate Commerce Commission • Widespread popular demand for further railroad regulation after Roosevelt’s reelection • 1906--Hepburn Act further strengthens Interstate Commerce Commission • membership from five to seven • may fix reasonable maximum rates • jurisdiction broadened to include oil pipeline, express, sleeping car companies

  21. Cleaning Up Food and Drugs • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906)prompts federal investigation of meatpacking industry • 1906--Meat Inspection Act • sets rules for sanitary meatpacking • requires government inspection of meat products • Samuel Hopkins Adams exposes dangers of patent medicines • 1906--Pure Food and Drug Act • requires manufacturers to list certain ingredients • bans manufacture and sale of adulterated drugs

  22. Conserving the Land • First comprehensive national conservation policy • policy defines “conservation” as wise use of natural resources • ______ acreage under federal protection

  23. National Parks and Forests

  24. Conserving the Land (2) • Roosevelt’s challenge • attacks “malefactors of great wealth” • criticizes ______ of federal courts • agitates for ______ legislation • Popular response • business leaders blame for financial panic • overwhelming majority support

  25. The Ordeal of William Howard Taft • Taft able administrator, poor president • Conservative Republicans resurge • Taft loses support of Progressives

  26. Taft Alienates the Progressives • 1910--Taft successfully pushes Mann-Elkins Act to strengthen ICC • empowers ICC to fix railroad rates • Progressive Republicans attack Taft’s plan of a Commerce Court to hear ICC appeals • progressives obstruct Taft’s negotiations • 1910--Taft attacks Progressive Republicans, Democrats gain Congress

  27. Taft Alienates the Progressives (2) • Legislation protecting laborers • Sixteenth Amendment creates income tax • Taft a greater trustbuster than Roosevelt • Taft, Roosevelt attack one another publicly • 1912--Taft renominated by Republicans, little chance for victory

  28. Differing Philosophies in the Election of 1912 • Roosevelt--Progressive ("Bull Moose") • “___________” • federal regulation of economy • wasteful competition replaced by efficiency • Woodrow Wilson--Democrat • "___________" for individual • restrain big business, government • Democrats win White House, Congress

  29. Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom • Woodrow Wilson former president of Princeton, governor of New Jersey • Progressive, intellectual, inspiring orator, racist • One of America's most effective and dangerous presidents

  30. The New Freedom in Action • 1913--Underwood Tariff cuts duties • 1913--_________ reforms banks, establishes stable currency • 1914--Clayton Antitrust Act outlaws unfair trade practices, protects _______ • 1914--Federal Trade Commission

  31. New Freedom in Action: Retreating from Reform • November, 1914--Wilson announces the "New Freedom" has been achieved • It was “a time of healing because a time of just dealing” • Statement stuns many progressives

  32. Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism • Reasons for the move • distracted by the outbreak of war in Europe • needs conservative _______ support • Republicans seem to gain by attacking his programs • 1916--Presidential election

  33. Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism (2) • Wilson renews reform in reelection bid • Federal Farm Loan Act • intervenes in strikes on behalf of workers • attempts to ban child labor • increases income taxes on the rich • supports women’s suffrage • Program wins Wilson a close election

  34. The Fruits of the Progressivism • Reform of government at all levels • Intelligent planning of reform • World War I ends Progressive optimism

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