Igneous Rock

1. Igneous Rock

2. Igneous Rock • Igneous rocks form when magma (beneath the surface) or lava (reaches the surface) cools and hardens • Igneous comes from the Latin word ignis, which means fire • There are two types of igneous rock, intrusive and extrusive

3. Intrusive Igneous Rocks • Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface • As magma rises, it cools, allowing elements to combine and form minerals • Minerals grow in size, forming a solid mass of interlocking crystals Granite is a common intrusive igneous rock

4. Extrusive Igneous Rocks • Extrusive igneous rocks form when lava hardens at the Earth’s surface • Lava is similar to magma, except that most of the gases have escaped in lava Rhyolite Basalt Obsidian

5. Classification of Igneous Rocks • Texture and composition are two characteristics used to classify igneous rocks • Texture describes the appearance of an igneous rock based on its size, shape, and arrangement of its interlocking crystals • Composition of igneous rocks are based on the proportions of light and dark minerals in the rock

6. Classification of Igneous Rocks • Texture describes the appearance of an igneous rock based on its size, shape, and arrangement of its interlocking crystals • There are four types of texture: • Coarse-grained • Fine-grained • Glassy • Porphyritic

7. Coarse-grained Texture • Slow cooling of magma allows ions, charged atoms, to move large distances within the magma • Slow cooling results in the formation of large crystals • Igneous rocks with large crystals show coarse-grained texture Gabbro Diorite

8. Fine-grained Texture • Rapid cooling of magma or lava causes ions to lose their motion and quickly combine • Rapid cooling results in the formation of many small, interconnected mineral grains • Igneous rocks with small grains show fine-grained texture Andesite Rhyolite

9. Glassy Texture • When lava spews onto Earth’s surface, there may not be time for the ions to arrange themselves into crystals • The ions are randomly distributed causing a glassy texture in the igneous rock Obsidian (compact glass) Pumice (frothy glass)

10. Porphyritic Texture • Minerals that crystallize from magma do not form at the same rate or the same time • Some crystals will become large while others even start to form • Igneous rocks with large crystals and fine-grained minerals show a porphyritic texture Andesite

11. Classification of Igneous Rocks • Composition of igneous rocks are based on the proportions of light and dark minerals in the rock • There are four types of composition • Granitic • Basaltic • Other Compositional Groups

12. Granitic Composition Made almost entirely of the light-colored silicate minerals, quartz and feldspar Most granitic rocks contain 10% dark silicate minerals, often biotite and amphibole

13. Basaltic Composition Made almost entirely of the dark-colored silicate minerals and plagioclase feldspar Basaltic rocks are rich in the elements magnesium and iron

14. Other Compositional Groups Rocks with a composition between granitic and basaltic rocks have an andesitic composition Named after the common volcanic rock andesite Contains at least 25% dark silicate minerals Rocks composed entirely of dark silicate minerals, iron and magnesium, is referred to as ultramafic Ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth’s surface because they make up the mantle. Peridotite

15. Igneous Rock Summary • Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and hardens • Intrusive rocks form from magma deep within Earth • Extrusive rocks form from lava at Earth’s surface • Igneous rocks can be classified according to texture and composition

16. Table 1 on page 74