The Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive systems

1. The Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive systems 鄭先祐(Ayo) 製作 Life Science 2010

2. The various ways species get oxygen Fig. 19.2 The external gill in Necturus, the mud puppy. 外鰓突出。 Fig. 19.1 skin breathing in the sea anemone. 皮膚很薄，直接滲透。 Life Science 2000

3. 運用countercurrent flow方式 Fig. 19.3 The gill structure of a bony fish. Life Science 2000

4. 逆流循環：水流和血液流動，兩者方向剛好相反。如此可以帶走最大量的水中氧氣。逆流循環：水流和血液流動，兩者方向剛好相反。如此可以帶走最大量的水中氧氣。 Life Science 2000

5. Respiration of insects • Tracheal system • The openings to the system are called spiracles (Fig. 19.4) • oxygen enters the tracheal system, move through the tracheae deep into the body tissue. • No cell lies far from an oxygen source. Life Science 2000

6. Fig. 19.4 The respiratory system of an insect. The vast tracheal system in insects reaches all cells. It thus carries on a more-or-less direct exchange without the involvement of the circulatory system. Life Science 2000

7. Human Respiratory Structures • Nose (鼻) • Pharynx (咽喉) • Trachea (氣管) • Bronchi (支氣管) • Bronchioles (微氣管) • Alveoli (肺泡) Life Science 2000

8. Fig. 19.5 上半 The human respiratory system. Life Science 2000

9. 支氣管 肺泡 Fig. 19.5 下半 The human respiratory system. Life Science 2000

10. 吸氣 Flattening of diaphragm and rib elevation 吐氣 Diaphragm and ribs return to normal positions Fig. 19.6 Breathing in humans occurs as the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the ribs rise, causing the lings to fill with air. Life Science 2000

11. Fig. 19.7 The primary respiratory control center is located in the medulla and pons of the brain. The medulla is very sensitive to carbon dioxide levels, but it also receives input from sensory receptors in the carotid arteries. Life Science 2000

12. Essay 19.1 The joy of smoking • A person aged 25 who smokes two packs of cigarettes a day will live about 8.5 years less than a nonsmoker. • If you quit in time, the damage is largely reversible. • The bottom line is simple: if you smoke, quit. Life Science 2000

13. Circulation in animals • Fig. 19.8 • open circularoty system, blood is pumped trough vessels to open sinuses, through which it gradually makes a return to the heart. Life Science 2000

14. The closed circulatory system • Fig. 19.9 • earthworm. • The blood remains enclosed in vessels, thus the system is "closed". Life Science 2000

15. Essay19.2 The incredible blood-brain barrier • Physicians can't treat many brain diseases because the brain won't allow their medicines in. • The nicotine, cocaine and alcohol is allowed in, but the medicine isn't. • Why? • 脂溶性，或是水溶性？ Life Science 2000

16. The human vessels • A heart pumps blood into large arteries, which branch into smaller arterioles, and finally into capillaries. • Then through venules into veins, and return to the heart. • In humans, the length of the entire system is estimated to be between 50,000 and 60,000 miles, 70 percent of which is capillaries. Life Science 2000

17. Fig. 19.10 The major blood vessels of the human body. Life Science 2000

18. Blood pressure • The sudden swell of blood during systole expands the aorta. • During diastole, blood pressure remains high because of the force of the aorta on the remaining blood in the vessel. Life Science 2000 Fig. 19.11

19. Blood • Blood cells and plasma • erythrocytes • red blood cell • hemoglobin • live about 120days in human • leukocytes • lymphocytes • platelets Life Science 2000

20. 兩生類 鳥類與哺乳類 魚類 Life Science 2000

21. Fig. 19.14 Life Science 2000

22. Fig. 19.14 Life Science 2000

23. Blood enters right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood enters left atrium from pulmonary veins. Atria contract together; blood enters right and left ventricles through valves Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries. Left ventricle pumps blood to blood via aorta. Fig. 19.14 Life Science 2000

24. SA node • Fig. 19.15 • As the SA node initiates an impulse that immediately is fired to the AV node, which sends impulses to the ventricles along the bundle of His to Purkinje fibers, causing the powerful muscles to contract in a specific sequence. Life Science 2000

25. Essay 19.3 Heart attack • Heart attack, it is the result of a blockage of the arteries that feed the heart. • When such an artery is blocked, the oxygen-starved muscles of the heart begin to die. Atherosclerosis is the result of the buildup in blood vessels of a number of substances, such as fat, fibrin, and calcium. These substances reduce the elasticity of the vessel, and raise blood pressure. Life Science 2000

26. Essay 19.4 CPR • CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is a critical lifesaving technique. 1. Check for unconsciousness and lack of pulse. Call or send for help. Roll the victim onto his back. 2. Open the airway by lifting the neck and tilting the chin upward. 3. Check for breathing by holding your ear close to the victim's mouth, so you can hear or feel the breathing. Life Science 2000

27. CPR • 4. If there is no breathing, pinch the victim's nose and press your open mouth against his. Breathe rapidly into his mouth four times without allowing the victim to exhale completely after each ventilation. • 5. If the victim begins breathing and has a pulse, discontinue rescue breathing. If breathing and pulse are absent, begin chest compression. Life Science 2000

28. 6. Kneel beside the victim. Find a spot two finger-widths above the tip of the breastbone. Put the heel of one hand over the other and place them on this spot. • 7. Thrust down, depressing the breast-bone about an inch and a half. Thrust rhythmically 15 times, about once a second. • 8. Lean over quickly, breathe twice into the victim's mouth (as in step 4). • 9. Repeat the cycle of 15 compressions and 2 breaths until help arrives. Check periodically for pulse. Stop chest compressions if pulse or breathing resumes. Life Science 2000

29. Fig. 19.16 The human Lymphatic System Life Science 2000

30. Fig. 19.16 Lymph node • Lymph nodes tend to swell and become sore if they are involved in fighting and infection near them. Life Science 2000

31. Fig. 19.17 (a) • digestive systems of sponge, food is trapped in microvilli in the collar cells and taken in by phagocytosis. Life Science 2000

32. Fig. 19.17 (b) Digestive systems of hydra. • Food is partly digested outside the cells of the gut, then brought inside the cells where the process is completed. Life Science 2000

33. Fig. 19.17 (c) earthworm has a complete digestive tract, with an entrance and an exit. Life Science 2000

34. Fig. 19.18 The human digestive system. • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, Large intestine • accessory organs • liver, • gallbladder, • pancreas Life Science 2000

35. Essay 19.5Heimlich maneuver • The openings of the trachea and esophagus are closed together. • Food go down wrong into the air passages. • 通常可以咳出，但嚴重的會造成無法呼吸。 • More than eight Americans die this way each day. Life Science 2000

36. Heimlich maneuver • 1. Stand behind the victim. • 2. Wrap your arms around the waist. • 3. Make a fist (拳頭) with one hand, knuckle(指關節) directed upward and inward against the victim. • 4. Place the knuckles between the rib cage and the navel(肚臍). Life Science 2000

37. Heimlich maneuver • 5. Cup the other hand over the fist(拳頭). • 6. Quickly press inward and upward against the victim's abdomen. • 7. Repeat if necessary. • 8. Get the victim to a doctor as soon as possible because the procedure can break the sternum(胸骨), or a rib(肋骨). Life Science 2000

38. Fig. 19.19 The human digestive system. (a) the stomach. Life Science 2000

39. Fig. 19.19 The human digestive system (b) small and large intestine. Life Science 2000

40. Essay 19.6 But weight！ • About 5,100萬美國人 are regarded as overweight. • 許多人盡力在減肥，但九成減肥者都會regained weight. • Long-term weight losss involves a combination of moderate dieting and moderate exercise, both of which usually involve some behavior modification. Life Science 2000

41. Anorexia (厭食症) • Anorexia is most commonly found in women in their teens and early twenties, a time that psychologists tell us is often marked by self-doubt and feelings of insecurity. • Their greatest fear may be of being fat and hungry, and so they diet, and often exercise, obsessively (胡思亂想). Life Science 2000

42. Bulimia (暴食症) • Bulimia refers to "eating like an ox", sometimes taking in twenty times the calories of a normal diet. • Then the person vomits(嘔吐), or takes a laxative(瀉藥) to rid themselves of the food, both of which can be damaging. • Both bulimia and anorexia can be difficult to treat, and long-term psychotherapy may be required. Life Science 2000

43. Lose fat • A discovery in 1995 is being regarded as a "breakthrough" in weight loss; a hormone, called leptin, that makes animals--even thin ones--lose body fat. • 但仍需幾年的人體測試，才能上市。 Life Science 2000

44. An ethical concern • Blood doping involved withdrawing blood and storing it until the body replenished its red blood cell count, then returning the stored blood to the body, thus artificially elevating the red blood cell count. • Athlete sometimes do this to increase their endurance, although it is illegal. • Do you think it is fair to punish those who get caught? Life Science 2000

45. 問題與討論！ japalura@hotmail.com Ayo NUTN website: http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/ Life Science 2000