“It has not escaped our attention that the structure provides a mechanism for replication”

4. “It has not escaped our attention that the structure provides a mechanism for replication”

5. A T G C C G T A

6. A G C T T A T C G A C G G C A T

7. Two breakthroughs DNA Sequencing Yellowstone

8. PCR Amplification of DNA

9. Spooling DNA • Open top of the bottle marked DNA. • Open top of the bottle marked Alcohol • Pour alcohol (full bottle) into DNA • Insert wooden end of toothpick into liquid • Twirl stick You are spooling DNA! • You can repeat this experiment by taking • the DNA and placing it in water and a pinch • of table salt. Let redissolve, add alcohol and • repeat

10. Over 1000 organism’s genomes have been sequenced 599 viruses 205 plasmids 185 organelles 3 eubacteria 7 archae 1 fungus (yeast) 2 animals (worm and fly) 1 plant (Arabadopsis) 1 mammal (human)

11. Species Number of genes Bacteria (E. coli) 4,000 Fungi (S. cerevisiae) 6,000 Worm (C. elegans) 20,000 Fly (Drosophila) 12-14,000 Plant (Arabidopsis) 25,000 Mouse 30,000 Human 30,000

15. The Discovery of Cell Cycle Checkpoints Checkpoint mutants: Live Hard and Die Fast

16. Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer Checkpoints ensure that cells complete one event before proceeding to the next event Cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth, sloppy DNA replication and errors in chromosome segregation

19. 32% of human genes have homologues in fly, worm and yeast Of 1,308 protein families, only 94 are specific to vertebrates

20. Only 5% of our genome codes for protein • 13 chromosomal rearrangements separate our • chromosomes from the cat • 50% of the genome is simple repeat sequence • Our fossil record is exposed! We’re unique not because of the parts list, Rather how the parts are put together

21. Functional Assays Bioinformatics – Mining the 3 billion bits of information in the genome Proteomics – Develop assays to study the function of 30,000 proteins Imaging Informatics – Protein location and dynamics or Where is everyone ?

22. Jellyfish on the eastern shore

27. Genetic disease Time Map Clone gene Understand basic biologic defect Diagnostics Preventive medicine Gene therapy Drug therapy Pharmacogenomics

28. Paradigm Shifts in Biomedical Research Shift from treating symptoms to genetic therapy Genetically based, individualized preventive medicine Determine genetic profile for battery of diseases Pharmacogenomics- prophylactic drug regimen Identify disposition of offspring

29. THANKS !!! Special thanks to John Anderson Purdue University Rachael Bloom

30. Paradigm Shifts in Biomedical Research Structural genomics Functional genomic Genomics Proteomics Map-based gene discovery Sequence-based discovery Monogenic disorders Multifactorial disorders Specific DNA diagnosis Monitoring of susceptibility Analysis of one gene Analysis of multiple genes Gene action Gene regulation Specific mutations Mechanism One species Several species

32. G1 DNA synthesis Mitosis G2 The Cell Cycle

39. Gregor Mendel Barbara McClintock Charles Darwin

50. Digital Imaging Microscopy Z-series 0.75 µm apart Compiled