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Basic Genetics

Basic Genetics. Łódź November 2008 www.felesgrata.dk. Who am I?. Ole Amstrup Cattery name: DK Feles Grata Breeding: Oriental shorthair preferably blotched tabby, with silver, in all colours. How long: Since 1983 Home page: www.felesgrata.dk. Who am I?.

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Basic Genetics

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  1. Basic Genetics Łódź November 2008 www.felesgrata.dk

  2. Who am I? • Ole Amstrup • Cattery name: DK Feles Grata • Breeding: Oriental shorthair preferably blotched tabby, with silver, in all colours. • How long: Since 1983 • Home page: www.felesgrata.dk

  3. Who am I? • What have I been doing. • Board member of Danish cat clubs • Board member of Felis Danica • Chairman of Felis Danica • Member of the Danish breeding commission • Member of the FIFe B&R (LO) commission • Lecturing genetics in Denmark and Norway

  4. Who am I? • Why colour genetics? • Because I once breed budgerigars! • Because I love mathematics!

  5. What will happen? • I will try to give a short explanation of what we think we know right now! • Give you a basic knowledge about genetics (colours and patterns).

  6. To see a cat • Some see a cat! • I see: a female cat genetic black colour not diluted with white it’s a tortie mackerel tabby shorthair

  7. To see a cat • I see: A - agouti BB black D - not diluted Mc – mackerel tabby LL shorthair Ss bi-colour xox tortie

  8. To see a cat • A cat is ”built” of many different elements – a puzzle which can be joint together in many ways. • colour • sex • pattern • hair lenght • etc.

  9. “Colour - genes” • B / b / bl black / chocolate / cinnamon • D / d dense / dilute • W / w dominant white / coloured • X / Y female / male • Xo sex linked red placed on X

  10. “Pattern - genes” • A / a agouti / non agouti Old teori: • Ta / T / tb Ticked/spotted/mackerel/blotched New teori: • Mc / mc mackerel / blotched • Ta / ta Ticked tabby / not ticked tabby • Sp / sp Spotted / mackerel • S / s piebald spotted no white • Wb wb wideband (tipping)  normal ticking

  11. “Other genes” • C / cb / cs / ca / c self/burmese pointed/himalayan pointed/recessivwhite/albino • I / i silver / non silver • L / l short hair/ long hair

  12. “Other genes II” • Dm/dm dilute modifier? • Bm/bm black modifier • Wb/wb wide band

  13. Genes Colour genes (pattern/hair length etc.) Each gene controls one feature Can be dominant, recessive or partly dominant

  14. Genes • Polygenes • A lot of ”small” genes work together • They work in different ways

  15. Chromosomes • Genes are placed on the chromosomes • There are several thousands genes on every chromosome • The colour genes we know control one exact feature. • There are three different types of genes controlling one feature: dominant recessive partly dominant

  16. Chromosomes • 18 pairs with two identical • 1 pair is not always identical X Y X X • X carries genes. • Y carries no genes. You can only deduct that this individual will be a male

  17. ChromosomesDivision in sperm cells- male chromosomes two different at a male [XY] types of sperm cells.

  18. ChromosomesDivision in egg cells - female chromosomes two identical at a female [XX] germ cells / eggs.

  19. Distribution of X and Ychromosomes When performing a mating, we can look at each gene / feature at the time.In this example we only look at the X & Y genes.In this table we fill in the possible egg and sperm cells.

  20. Distribution of X and Ychromosomes Distribution: male offspring [XY] - 50% female offspring [XX] - 50%

  21. Colour genetics • We will look at one feature at a time. • They can be combined later on.

  22. B genes - colour B B - black black i.e. MCO – NFO – SIB – TUV – RUS – KOR - SOK .

  23. B genes - colours • B > b B - black b - chocolate black black chocolate i.e. BRI – PER/EXO – SBI - BUR

  24. B – genes - colour • B > b > bl B - black b - chocolate bl - cinnamon black black black choc. choc. cinnamon Category IV – RAG – SNO – ACL – ACS – BRI?

  25. B – genes - colours • B > bl B - black bl - cinnamon Ruddy Ruddy Sorrel ABY - SOM

  26. B genes – colourdistribution Distribution of B genes / B black – b chocolate black X black black (choc.) X black (choc.) 100% black 75% black ( 25/50), 25% choc.

  27. B genes – colourdistribution Distribution of B genes / B black – b chocolate black (choc.( X choc. choc. X choc. 50% black / 50% choc. 100% choc.

  28. D - genes - dilution • cross section of a normal coloured hair (dense). • colour pighment evenly distributed in the hair • colour is black, choc., cinnamon

  29. D - genes - dilution • Diluted hair • Colour pigment is mixed with air bubbles • The hair looks paler • black blue • choc. lilac • cinnamon fawn

  30. D - genes - dilution / BB – Bb - Bbl black black blue full colour intensity/dense diluted • [DD] and [Dd] do not change the colour of the hair. • [dd] spread out the pigment and the hair will look paler.

  31. D - genes - dilution / bb – bbl choc. choc. lilac full colour intensity/dense diluted • [DD] and [Dd] do not change the colour of the hair. • [dd] spread out the pigment and the hair will look paler.

  32. D - genes - dilution / blbl cinnamon cinnamon fawn full colour intensity/dense diluted • [DD] and [Dd] do not change the colour of the hair. • [dd] spread out the pigment and the hair will look paler.

  33. ”Mating” black [Bb Dd ] X lilac [bb dd] Distribution of B genes and D genes 50% black / 50% choc. 50% dense/ 50 diluted

  34. ”Mating” black [Bb Dd ] X lilac [bb dd] • distribution

  35. Tabby patterns • All cats have a tabby pattern!! But you cannot always see it!! There are various theories about the genes, which decide the tabby patterns. When it can be seen it is a a coloured pattern on an agouti background

  36. Tabby patterns • Old theory: Three different genes decide the tabby patterns Ta - ticked tabby T - mackerel/spotted tb - blotched This theory is more or less outdated, but it works on a daily base. Problem – sometimes ticked, blotched and spotted kittens are born in the same litter - after a mating between a ticked tabby and a blotched!

  37. Tabby patterns • New theory: Mc/mc A gene controls if it is mackerel or blotched Sp/sp A gene controls if the patterns should break up in spots (this is questionable – it might just be polygenetic) Ta/ta A gene which causes the ticked tabby pattern – this is partly dominant. I doubt that there is a spotted gene – so I will not talk about this. I do believe that the breaking up in spots is polygenetic and has to be managed via selection.

  38. Mc genes • Mc / mc controls the basic tabby pattern mackerel/spotted blotched polygenes polygenes polygenes

  39. Mc genes • Mc / mc control the basic tabby pattern The difference in appearance is polygenetic (in my opinion)

  40. Mc genes • mc mc

  41. A genes – agouti / non agouti AA (Aa) is the original pattern for cats and the tabby pattern can be seen. A causes bandsof different colours in the single hairs The hairs will be ticked – provide an agoutibase The coloured pattern sits on this agouti base.

  42. A genes – agouti / non agouti • aa is a mutation. there are only single coloured hairs – no ticked hair / on an agouti base.

  43. A genes – agouti / non agouti • Ticked hair. Bands of various colours on every hair. The true colour is to be found in the tip of every hair.

  44. A genes – agouti / non agouti • Non-agouti hair One colour (the tabby pattern should have the same type of hair)

  45. A genes – agouti / non agouti AA The tabby pattern can be seen (agouti) Aa The tabby pattern can be seen (agouti) aa The tabby pattern can not be seen. The cat is self (non-agouti) Two agouti cats can have self kittens, but two self cat cannot have tabby/agouti kittens!!

  46. The red colour • The red colour. The red colour is sex linked. The gene is placed on the X chromosome. The result is that only phaeomelanin (the yellow/red colour) is produced No eumelanin is prodcued, which gives the black, chocolate and cinnamon colours.

  47. The red colour I have chosen to place the gene as a variation of the normal X gene, as the placement of the red gene is at the X chromosome. X the normal coloured cat Xo red Y carry no genes This way I think it is more clear that the colour is sex linked and the explanation about the outcome as a result of mating red/tortie cat is more clear. This is my way of seeing it – and not all share my opinion on this matter.

  48. The red colour • Xo blocks the normal colours. Only red will be produced. • In order to work fully there must be two Xoin a female . • In the male, who only has one X chromosome, one Xo gives a red male

  49. The red colour - females • Possible combination of the female sex chromosomes. Normal Tortie red

  50. The red colour - males • Possible combination of the male sex chromosomes. Normal red

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