Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire Naturelles Des Indes

1. Native American Planting Maize, from Folio 121 from Histoire Naturelles Des Indes Maize (corn), which was genetically engineered by Native Americans in what is now Mexico some 7,000 years ago, became one of the staple food sources for many Indian groups in North America. This sixteenth-century illustration depicts traditional Native American agricultural practices and typical foods including corn, squashes, and gourds. (The Pierpont Morogan Library/Art Resource, New York)

2. A Carolina Indian Woman and Child, by John White The artist was a member of the Raleigh expedition of 1585. Notice that the Indian girl carries a European doll, illustrating the mingling of cultures that had already begun.

3. Carolina Indians German painter Philip Georg Friedrich von Reck drew these Yuchi Indians in the 1730s. The blanket and rifle show that trade with the English settlers had already begun to transform Native American culture.

4. Native American Women Planting Crops in Florida by Jacques Le Moyne Jacques Le Moyne, an artist accompanying the French settlement in Florida in the 1560s, produced some of the first European images of North American peoples. His depiction of native agricultural practices shows the sexual division of labor: men breaking up the ground with fish-bone hoes before women drop seeds into the holes. But Le Moyne's version of the scene cannot be accepted uncritically: unable to abandon a European view of proper farming methods, he erroneously drew plowed furrows in the soil.(John Carter Brown Library at Brown University)

5. John White's drawings of Indians fishing John White, an artist with Raleigh's 1585 expedition (and later the governor of the ill-fated 1587 colony), illustrated three different fishing techniques used by Carolina Indians: to the left, the construction of weirs and traps; in the background, spearfishing in shallow water; and in the foreground, fishing from dugout canoes. The fish are accurately drawn and can be identified today. (Trustees of the British Museum)

6. A Festival, painted by a German visitor to Georgia A German visitor to Georgia painted this watercolor of a Yuchi ceremony, which he titled A Festival. The guns hanging inside the shelter were probably acquired from English traders in South Carolina. (Royal Library Copenhagen)

7. Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Indians at Martha's Vineyard, Theodor de Bry, 1634 This picture shows one interpretation of a trading session between the English and Native Americans. Theodor de Bry was one of the first to include such drawings in his accounts of the New World. Previous works on the subject contained either no illustrations or very crude ones. (Library of Congress)

8. Jamestown vs. Powhatan Confederacy • Captain John Smith claims to be “saved” by Pocahontas • First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-14) – Lord De La Warr brings cruel tactics learned fighting Irish • Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644) – failed attempt to dislodge Virginians • disease, disorganization, and disposability doom the Powhatan Confederacy

9. Puritans & Naragansett Indians vs. Pequots • Pequot War of 1637 – Pequots are virtually annihilated • King Philip’s War (1675) – Metacom forms a Pan-Indian alliance and mounts a series of coordinated assaults • Metacom’s wife and son are sold into slavery • Metacom is captured, beheaded, drawn and quartered, and displayed