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Life-Cycle Inventory model for the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste 

International Waste Management and LCA Session B Prague, April 15-16, 2004. Life-Cycle Inventory model for the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste . Stefanie Hellweg , Gabor Doka, Thomas Hofstetter, and Konrad Hungerbühler.

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Life-Cycle Inventory model for the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste 

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  1. International Waste Management and LCA Session B Prague, April 15-16, 2004 Life-Cycle Inventory model for the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste  Stefanie Hellweg, Gabor Doka, Thomas Hofstetter, and Konrad Hungerbühler Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Safety and Environmental Technology Group

  2. The goal was to provide an LCI model for the thermal treatment of waste (different technologies). Municipal solid waste (MSW) H O C S N Pb Cd Hg ... Collection/ transport Ancillaries Resources Emissions Incineration plant Landfills Waste disposal (1 kg MSW) Energy generation Safety and Environmental Technology Group

  3. Transfer coefficients were defined for the waste-input related emissions of the incineration process and landfills. EXAMPLE: modern grate (S,Cu) Transfer coefficients (%) Flue Slag Other Waste gas resid. water S 0.2 55.4 37.3 7.1 Cu 0.0 80.1 19.9 0.0 Output (g/kg) Flue Slag Other Waste gas resid. water S 7*10-4 0.18 0.12 0.023 Cu 0 0.009 0.002 0 Burnable waste fraction (g/kg) S 0.33 Cu 0.011 * = Four different landfill models: • Short-term model: based on measurements • Medium-term model: based on leaching tests • Long-term time-dependent model: • geochemical simulations Safety and Environmental Technology Group

  4. Application: The choice of the landfill model determines the overall impact potential of the system waste incineration. Landfill models: Short-term Medium/Long-term Long-term Obsolete Current Current + new New integrated technologies 5000 4000 3000 Swiss ecopoints (UBP) / kg waste 2000 1000 0 Grate without proper flue gas cleaning Modern grate incinerator without with with with with ther- residue mecha- thermal thermal mal slag recycling nical slag slag filter ash + filter ash treatm. treatm. treatm. treatment Thermo-select with me-tal recy- cling VS-Process without with ther- residue mal filter recycling ash treat- ment 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 Safety and Environmental Technology Group

  5. Results and Conclusions • An LCI model was developed for the thermal treatment of solid waste (different technologies). • User input data comprise composition of waste, technology specification, energy efficiency, and transport distances. • Application: Comparison of the disposal of different materials, of thermal technologies, and of waste management scenarios • Different landfill models are provided, which consider different time horizons. The choice of landfill model is a value-based decision. • Case study results show that the choice of time horizon has a crucial influence on the results. Safety and Environmental Technology Group

  6. BACK-UP Slides

  7. Landfill model: A one-dimensional transport and reaction model was used to simulate the pH development and the emission concentrations of a slag landfill as a function of time (slag from grate incineration). Rainwater Slag Leachate Subsoil Gruppe für Umwelt und Sicherheitstechnologie

  8. Heavy metal concentrations in the leachate surpass the quality goals of the Swiss Water Protection Law. -3 Ca2+ Cu2+ -4 Zn2+ Cu2+ -5 Pb2+ Pb2+Al3+ Log total dissolved concentration (mol / l) -6 -7 Al3+ Cd2+ -8 -9 Time (years)

  9. The temporal occurrence of emissions to the groundwater depends on the site of the landfill. Cd2+, site A Cu2+, site A Tons / year / kg waste Cu2+, site B Cd2+, site B Tons / year / kg waste Time (years) Time (years)

  10. Die Umweltauswirkungen des Verbrennungsprozesses sind mit denen eines europäischen Kraftwerks vergleichbar. Wasser- emissionen Energie: Gas, CH Elektrizität Energie: Öl, EU Elektrizität Infra- struktur Trans- port Betriebs- mittel Luftemi- ssionen UBP / kg waste Veraltete aktuelle und neue neue integrierte Technologien Rost ohne WRR Moderner Rost (1998) ohne mit mit mit mit them. Rück- mecha- therm. therm. Schlacken stands- nischer Schlacken FA und FA- recycling Behandl. Behandl. Behandl. Behandl. Thermo-select mit Metall- recycling VS-Prozess ohne mit therm. Rück- FA- stands- Behand-. recycling lung WRR: Weitergehende Rauchgasreinigung, FA: Filterasche

  11. Status Quo Waste is either recycled/composted or burned in grate incineration plants. Maximum Recycling Recycling/composting is increased to a feasible maximum. End-of-Pipe All municipal solid waste is incinerated in grate incineration plants. Technological Innovation All municipal solid waste is treated in new thermal plants. Application II: Thegoalwas to identify and compare key environmental problems of waste management scenarios. Safety and Environmental Technology Group

  12. Scenario Technological Innovation has the lowest overall impact on the environment. Safety and Environmental Technology Group

  13. No credit for avoided fertilizer Different energy mix Material recycling and new technologies generally score better than conventional end-of-pipe treatment (Eco-indicator 99, per kg material). Relative impact Grate incine-ration + new material Safety and Environmental Technology Group

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