Biochemistry : An Introduction to the Basic Molecules of Life

1. Biochemistry :An Introduction to the Basic Molecules of Life • “The fragrance of the rose always stays in the hand of the giver”

2. 2-1 Basics of Chemistry • Element--substance that can’t be broken down by chemical processes into simpler substance (like letters of alphabet • Compound--two or more elements combined chemically • Properties of the elements change once combined • Organic compounds • Molecules of life (carbos, protein, lipids, nucleic acids) • Contain the element carbon,Hydrogen

3. Chemical bonds • Chemical bonds hold atoms together in compound • Energy absorbed or released when bonds break or are formed • Ionic bonds • Covalent bonds

4. Chemicals at work • Chemical reactions--atoms/molecules are rearranged into new combinations • Rusting • Burning • Digesting/breaking down food • Energy can either be absorbed or given off by a reaction • No matter or energy is created in a reaction, it’s just rearranged

5. Carbohydrates Function in Cells 1. 2.

6. Carbohydrates • Include sugars, starches, cellulose • Contains carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) • Provide 4 Calories of energy per gram • Called monomers • Also micromolecules-small molecules

7. MONOSACCHARIDES • Monosaccharide— • Building blocks of larger more complex carbohydrates(MACROMOLECULES) • Glucose(Major source of cellular energy) ,fructose • Formula- C6H12O6 • Sources? • Quick energy- 20 min

8. Production of compounds • Hydro = • Hydrate vs. dehydrate • Synthesis--put together • Lysis- • Dehydration synthesis • A + B ---> AB + water • Removal of water to make organic compounds • HYDROLYSIS • Water + AB ---> A + B • Add water to break up organic compounds-

9. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS http://science.nhmccd.edu/BIOL/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

10. DISACCHARIDES • Composed • Formula- • Sources? • sucrose,lactose, maltose-1hr

11. POLYSACCHARIDES Composed of Formula- C60+H110+O55+ • How are they made? • How are they broken down?

12. CELLULOSE-Type of polysaccharide • Also called fiber or roughage • Indigestible by humans • Forms cell walls in plant cells

13. STARCH-Type of polysaccharide • Stored polysaccharide in plants • Stored in roots and stems

14. GLYCOGEN- Type of polysaccharide • Made in animal cells • Made for the purpose of short term energy storage • Stored in liver and muscles

15. CHITIN- Type of polysaccharide • Forms exoskeleton of arthropods • Lobsters, insects, crabs

16. Key Components of Lipids • 3 Fatty acids are key components of many lipids • Glycerol • Looks like and E

17. Lipids • Includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids • Provide: • Long-term energy storage (fat, oil) • Protection from water/waterproofing (wax) • Structure for cells (phospholipids) • Fats have most energy per gram (9 Cal/gram)

18. Saturated and unsaturated fat • unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature - carbon chains have double bonds • saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature and carbon chains contain only single bonds

19. Fats of a cell membrane • Called phospholipids • Important to control what enters and leaves the cell

20. Dehydration synthesis of lipid

21. Proteins • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen • 20 amino acids hooked together by special bonds called PEPTIDE BONDS • Found in foods (meat, poultry, fish), produced in body from amino acids

22. Protein structure

23. Produced by dehydration synthesis

24. Classified • Number of amino acids(20 different) • Order of the amino acids • Shape of the amino acids

25. Functions • Provide: • Movement (muscles) • Regulation (enzymes) • Transport (hemoglobin in RBC’s)

26. Nucleic Acids • Control inherited characteristics • DNA--genetic blueprint • RNA--carries out instructions for protein production

27. ATP • Adenosine triphosphate • Food energy must be converted to ATP to power cell functions • Produced by cellular respiration

28. Chemical Reactions Chemical changes - making or breaking chemical bonds that link atoms - involve energy Activation energy -

29. Chemical Reactions Activation energy - too high for living cells - cellular reactions must occur quickly and at low temperatures

30. Chemical Reactions Catalysts - lower the activation energy - speed up a reaction - are not used up

31. Enzymes-organic catalysts • Made of protein to assist reactions in body • Recyclable • Enzymes can be denatured (structurally changed and made inactive) by adverse conditions (e.g. high temperature, pH)

32. Enzyme makeup Substrate - the macromolecule on which an enzyme acts Active site - binds to the substrate - different shape

33. Enzyme/substrate complex • Enzyme-substrate complex formed (lock/key)(induced fit) • Naming enzymes: • Usually end in -ase or in • Usually include the substrate • Ex.”

34. Enzyme activity

35. Enzymes & activation energy • Enzymes lower the reaction’s activation energy.

36. Enzymes Factors influencing enzymes Temperature pH (acidity) Enzyme concentration Substrate concentration Surface area

37. Enzymes Factors influencing enzymes Temperature Rate of enzyme action 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 temperature ˚C

38. Enzymes Factors influencing enzymes pH Rate of enzyme action 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 pH

39. Enzymes Factors influencing enzymes Enzyme concentration Rate of enzyme action Increasing Enzyme Concentration

40. Enzymes Factors influencing enzymes Substrate concentration Rate of enzyme action Increasing Substrate Concentration

41. Chemistry in life processes • Metabolism is the combination of chemical changes that take place in organism • Anabolic reactions • Reactions that BUILD • DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS INVOLVED • PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Catabolic reaction • Reactions that BREAK UP • HYDROLYSIS INVOLVED • DIGESTION, CELLULAR RESPIRATION

42. Reading Quiz • What group of proteins function as biological catalysts in our bodies? • What type of molecule is formed when there is an uneven sharing of electrons in a covalent bond (water was the example given)? • What are the building blocks of protein? • An attraction between substances of the same kind is called ________________. • What term refers to the “energy needed to start a chemical reaction? • From the reading, what substance was described as changing temperature very slowly, thus helping to maintain homeostasis? • What 2 factors were noted to affect enzyme function?

43. Chemical Reactions Exergonic (Exothermic) release of energy In form of heat light ect Endergonic (Endothermic) - input of energy - endothermic draws in heat ect

44. Enzymes and inhibition • Enzymes may be inhibited in many ways • Enzymes have specific: • Substrate • Temperature-Optimal Temperature • pH- Optimal pH • High temperatures or changes in pH can cause an enzyme to lose its normal 3-D shape ( denature ) • Low temperatures slow reaction down • Incorrect pH will slow reaction down or stop it • this denature causes the enzyme to lose its normal functioning and to be structurally changed and made inactive

45. WATER • 70% of our body is made of water • Why does it do so many cool things? • Storage of heat--resists quick temp change and helps maintain homeostasis • Cohesion and adhesion • Cohesion--water sticks to other water molecules; surface tension forms drops • Adhesion--water sticks to other things; allows water to move through plants