Hydrology -How we use our water!

1. Hydrology-How we use our water! Condensation Transpiration Runoff Precipitation Infiltration

7. Infiltration Zone of aeration Zone of Saturation

11. Infiltration occurs when the regolith is: • permeable • unsaturated • moderate slope Runoff occurs when the regolith is: • Impermeable • Saturated • Steep gradient

12. Permeability The ability of water to flow through. The speed is the permeability rate. The opening of the rock material must be interconnected to allow water to flow through. Water infiltrates through the zone of aeration until it reaches the zone of saturation. The water table is at the top of the zone of saturation. Impermeable bedrock is below the zone of saturation.

13. Porosity • Is the amount of open space between particles. It depends on • Shape • Packing • Sorting • Not size

14. Porosity and Shape • Rounds have greater porosity or open space than angular particles. Angular-very little open space Round-more open space

16. Porosity and Packing • Tightly packed materials have a lower porosity. Loosely packed-high porosity Tightly packed-low porosity

17. Porosity and sorting Same size = well sorted (high porosity) Different size = poorly sorted/unsorted (low porosity) Mixed = low porosity Same size = high porosity

18. Porosity and size • The same shape particles have the same porosity as long as they are sorted. Mixed = 10% Porosity = 30% Porosity = 30%

19. Porosity and Permeability • For water to quickly infiltrate a material must be porous and permeable • Aquifer – natural water pipe

20. Water Retention Smaller particles retain more water because smaller particles have more surface area.

21. Capillarity Water moving upward through soil. Smaller holes are better.

22. Hydrologic cycle • Aquifer – artesian well • Capillary water

23. Weathering • Break down • Preparation for erosion • Smaller the particle=faster • Climate and type of material make a huge difference in weathering rates.

24. Physical Weathering • SMALLER PIECES • Frost Action • Abrasion • Exfoliation

25. Chemical Weathering • Smaller BY CHEMICAL CHANGE • Oxidation - oxygen • Hydration - water • Carbonation – carbonic acid (acid rain) • Decay – rot, acid is given off, breaks down materials

26. Today • Turn in corrected quiz • Finish halite shake and finish lab • In packet, complete the soil section 2-2 using a Earth’s Changing Surface book. Take it home if needed.

27. Soil • End product of weathering. • Residual – stays in one spot • Transported – moved from the original rock

28. For Monday • Correct Quiz • Finish lab • Look at chart on page 132

29. In computer lab: • 1. Finish weathering and erosion scavenger hunt • In book, 2-2 (should be done) • In book, 2-3, Soil Conservation • Homework if it is not done today!

30. Surface area and weathering • http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/resources/physics/texture/soilgeo.swf

31. Starter, graph and questions page 132 • Soil and weathering video • 10 questions • Homework – Erosion 3-1 with book

32. Starter On an index card, answer questions 1-10 on page 135-137 in your green book. On your desk, please get out your homework 3-1 Erosion so I can check it. Today: Erosion/Streamflow lab 3-2 and stream tables after your notes.

33. Erosion

34. Starter Video Lab 3-3 For Thursday: Water Erosion, using the Earth Changing Surface Book Finish lab – including questions (conclusion)

35. Starter • On an index card, answer question 1-10 on page 141-143. Use your notes! • Lab from Friday out 3-2

36. Stream Down cutting V-shaped valley

37. Lateral Erosion – flood plain

38. Youth • V-Shaped Valley • Rapids • Waterfalls • No Flood Plain • Drainage Divides Broad and Flat, Undissected by Erosion • Valley Being Deepened • General Agreement on this stage, lots of examples

39. Maturity (Early) • V-Shaped Valley • Beginnings of Flood Plain • Sand and Gravel Bars • Sharp Divides • Relief Reaches Maximum • Valleys stop deepening • General Agreement on this stage, lots of examples

40. Maturity (Late) • Valley has flat bottom • Narrow Flood Plain • Divides begin to round off • Relief diminishes • Sediment builds up, flood plain widens • River begins to meander • Lots of Disagreement from here on; some geologists believe slopes stay steep but simply retreat.

41. Stream evolution

42. Old Age • ; • Very Wide Flood Plain • Land worn down to flat surface (Peneplain) • Resistant rocks form residual hills (Monadnocks) • Pronounced River Meanders • Cut-off Meanders (Ox-bow lakes)

43. Rejuvenation • Uplift of Land (Lowering of Sea Level, sometimes greater stream flow) causes stream to speed up and cut deeper. • Stream valley takes on youthful characteristics but retains features of older stages as well. • Can happen at any point in the cycle.

44. Erosion Deposition Meanders

46. Erosion Deposition

47. Cut-off

48. Cut-off