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This chapter explores the spread of Islam, starting with the leadership of Abu Bakr and Umar, the expansion of the Muslim Empire, Arab policies towards conquered lands, and the continued growth of Islam within 100 years of Muhammad's death. It also delves into the division in the Islamic community between Sunni and Shi'ah, the Sufi movement, and the influence of Turks on Islam.
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Chapter 11: The Islamic World Section 2: The Spread of Islam
Expansion of Islam • Abu Bakr becomes successor to Muhammad • Caliph- “successor to the Prophet” • Unites Arabic tribes • Expands Islamic influence northward
Umar • Succeeds Abu Bakr as caliph • Strong leader with a well-run government • Muslim Empire includes Syria, Persia, and North Africa
Arab Policies • Conquered with war and treaties • Did not require people to convert to Islam • Accepted Christian and Jewish teachings • Could choose to accept Islam or pay extra taxes • Some who refused to convert were killed
Continued Expansion • Within 100 years of Muhammad’s death, Muslims controlled part of India and much of North Africa • Gained control of Mediterranean islands for trade routes • By A.D. 711 Muslims had entered Spain and brought Islam to Europe
Division in the Islamic Community • Disagreements about who should be caliph • Uthman (successor of Umar) was murdered; Ali is chosen as successor • Mu ‘awiyah (relative of Uthman) accuses Ali of helping the killers • War breaks out; Mu ‘awiyah becomes caliph
Sunni • Muslims who accepted Mu ‘awiyah as caliph • Followers of the Sunna; “way of the Prophet” • Believed that agreement among the Muslim people should settle the religious matter
Shi ‘ah • Insist that descendants of Ali should be caliph • Imams - Ali’s descendants – should decide religious and worldly matters • The rift deepened when Mu ‘awiyah’s descendents killed Ali’s son, Husayn • The division still exists today; only 10% of Muslims are Shi ‘ah
Sufi • Simple lives centered around God • Faith of God was the only mark of a person’s worth • Rabi ‘ah al- ‘Adawiyah- first female Sufi mystic • Poetry and writings still inspire Muslims today
Pair-share • What are the THREE major divisions of Islam? • What is a “caliph”? • Where do Muslims have a large population? • What are your options if you do NOT want to convert to Islam?
Venn Diagram (tomorrow) • Sunni and Shi’ah Islam are still strongly against each other – causing many problems in the modern world • You will read a brief background explaining Sunni and Shi’ah Islam • When finished, you will fill out a Venn Diagram examining the similarities and differences between the two sects.
Empire Continues to Spread • Berbers led a Muslim army to Spain under Tariq • Crossed between Africa and Europe- known as Jabal Tariq (Rock of Gibraltar) • Became known as the Moors; ruled Spain for 700 years
The Turks and Islam • 1100s Arab Muslim expansion ends and Turks become ruling force in Islam • Turkish troops settle around Baghdad, Iraq to serve the caliph • Turks loyalty begin to shift to a sultan- ruled the Turks; claimed to serve the caliph
The Turks and Islam • 1000s A.D. Turkish Muslims seized Syria, Mesopotamia, and much of Asia Minor • Defeated Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D. • 1250s A.D. Turkish Muslim expansion slowed; Christians began to capture cities in the West- Mongols destroyed Baghdad in the East
Venn Diagram (tomorrow) • Sunni and Shi’ah Islam are still strongly against each other – causing many problems in the modern world • You will read a brief background explaining Sunni and Shi’ah Islam • When finished, you will fill out a Venn Diagram examining the similarities and differences between the two sects.
