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ANTIBIOTICS-Sulfonamides

ANTIBIOTICS-Sulfonamides. Sulfonamides(sulfa drugs): are bacteriostatic(stops microbe reproduction) MOA: microbes need PABA to make adenine/guanine (DNA). Sulfa drugs look like PABA and get used instead. Para- Aminobenzoic Acid Indications: UTI, respiratory infection

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ANTIBIOTICS-Sulfonamides

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  1. ANTIBIOTICS-Sulfonamides Sulfonamides(sulfa drugs): are bacteriostatic(stops microbe reproduction) MOA: microbes need PABA to make adenine/guanine (DNA). Sulfa drugs look like PABA and get used instead. Para-Aminobenzoic Acid Indications: UTI, respiratory infection Reactions: allergies, easy sunburn, kidney damage Considerations: Avoid sunlight, drink more water Examples: Bactrim silvadene

  2. ANTIBIOTICS-penicillins The ‘miracle drug’ of WW2. Penicillium mold killed staphylococci plate. MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks cell wall formation yields lysis. Indications: abcess, meningitis, pneumonia, respiratory infection Reactions: anaphylaxis, rash, diarrhea Considerations: take with water, avoid cokes/food, can interfere with birth control pills Examples: Amoxil Ampicillin bactocill

  3. ANTIBIOTICS-cephalosporins • cephalosporium fungus killed staph. aureus • MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks cell wall formation yields lysis. • Indications: URI, sinus infection, surgeries,meningitis • Reactions: anaphylaxis, rash, diarrhea, easy bleeding • Considerations: avoid if allergic to penicillin, diarrheas, can interfere with birth control pills • Examples: • keflex • omnicef • suprax

  4. monobactams/carbapenems • Beta-lactam ring(cyclic amine) MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks cell wall formation yields lysis. Kills gram negative bacteria. adverse reaction---like penicillin…possible increased seizures example--azactram/aztreonam carbapenems MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks cell wall formation yields lysis. Kills gram pos and negative bacteria. example---impenem/primaxin

  5. tetracyclines • MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes,prevents adding new amino acids • indications---acne,bronchitis,walking pneumonia, Lyme disease • adverse reactions---GI issues,sunlight issues • considerations---avoid with dairy, dental birth defects, expired may cause death, avoid under 9yoa • 4 hydrocarbon rings • examples----tetracycline/achromycin • doxycycline/monodox

  6. macrolides • MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes,prevents adding new amino acids • kills gram positive, enteric coated • indications---clamydia, pulmonary infection • adverse reactions---GI issues, liver • considerations--take with food, do not chew • examples----erythromycins • azithromycin/zithromax • clarithromycin/biaxin

  7. ketolides • MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes at 2 sites,prevents adding new amino acids • derived from eryhtromycin structure change • indications---lung/sinus infection • adverse reactions---blurred vision and GI issues, liver • only telithromycin/ketek available in US

  8. quinolones • block baterial DNA synthesis • kills gram neg and positive • indications---bone/joint infection, URI, UTI • adverse reactions---GI issues, dizziness, joint swelling • considerations--avoid antacid, tendon damage, avoid if pregnant • examples---- • ciprofloxacin/cipro • levofloxacin/lavaquin

  9. streptogramins • inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes • kills gram neg and positive • indications---MRSA • adverse reactions---GI issues, dizziness, joint swelling,site reaction • considerations---must not contact saline, refrigerate • examples---- • quinupristin-dalfopristin combo /synercid

  10. aminoglycosides • inhibits protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes • indications---sepsis, life threatening infection • adverse reactions---nephrotoxic, ototoxic, tinnitus,deafness • considerations---adjust dosesexamples---- • neomycin/mycifradin • streptomycin/streptomycin • tobracycin/nebcin

  11. glycopeptide • Inhibit cell wall synthesis, not active against gram-negative bacteria • Only vancomycin/vancocin is FDA approved • Used for MRSA or serious, life-threatening infections by gram-positive bacteria unresponsive to other antibiotics Reactions—redman flush,thrombophelitis, injection necrosis site, bone marrow suppression Mostly IV route

  12. Kill the microbe Sterilization—all microbes dead Filtration---removed not dead(HEPA) UV radiation---lethal Disinfectant---reduced microbe population Sanitization---safe level still alive Antiseptic---inhibit growth

  13. Nonpharm antibiotics • Garlic • Tumeric • Vit c • Manuka honey • Echinacea/goldenroot seal • Rife machine • others

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