End of the Cold War Chapter 18 Section 5

1. End of the Cold WarChapter 18 Section 5

2. Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 Ronald Reagan 1981-1989 Richard Nixon 1968-1972 George Herbert Walker Bush 1989-1993

3. SovietLeaders Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982 Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-1991 Boris Yelstin 1991-1999

4. Objectives • Understand how the Soviet Union declined. • Analyze the changes that transformed Eastern Europe. • Explain how communism declined worldwide and the United States became the sole superpower.

5. Terms and People • mujahedin – Muslim religious warriors in Afghanistan • Mikhail Gorbachev – a leader in the Soviet Union who came to power in 1985 and was eager to bring about reforms • glasnost – a policy in the Soviet Union of greater openness • perestroika– restructuring of government and the economy in the Soviet Union

6. Lech Walesa– the leader of Polish shipyard workers who organized an independent labor union that called for political and economic changes; later elected president of Poland Solidarity– an independent labor union in Poland Václav Havel– a dissident writer and human rights activist who was elected president of Czechoslovakia in 1989 Nicolae Ceausescu– Romania’s longtime dictator, who refused to step down and was executed Terms and People (continued)

7. What were the causes and effects of the end of the Cold War? The nearly half a century of Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union came to an end in the years around 1990. The effects of its conclusion were many. Eastern European nations gained independence and the United States emerged as the world’s sole superpower.

8. The Soviet Union began to decline due to flaws in its system. • Collectivized agriculture was not productive enough, so Russia had to import grain. • Soviet consumer goods were inferior to those of Western market economies. • There was inefficiency, waste, and a huge bureaucracy that chose to produce unneeded goods.

9. Despite these problems, the Soviet Union kept up its military commitments and tried to match the United States in the arms race. • They sent tanks into Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968 to prevent these nations from ruling themselves. • The production of all this military hardware left few resources for improving the day-to-day lives of the Soviet people.

11. The Soviet Union became embroiled in a conflict in Afghanistan in 1979. When the Soviet-backed Afghan government enacted land reforms and redistribution, Afghan landlords took up arms against the government. The Soviets stepped in and had heavy casualties against the American-supported mujahedin.This was another blow to the communist empire.

12. Mujahadin fighters that got rid of the Soviet government in Afghanistan

13. Afghanistan since 1996 • After the Mujahedin defeated the Soviets a group called the Taliban (religious student) came to power after civil war in Afghanistan. • This was an extreme group who ruled Afghanistan with an iron fist from 1996-2001. • Enforced strict Islamic law and took away all rights of women • Used public executions and punishments • Supported terrorist groups like Al Qaeda • This government was toppled in 2001 by the US military in response to 911 • The US military is still in Afghanistan fighting to make the country stable and get rid of Taliban insurgents • http://www.infoplease.com/spot/taliban.html

14. Another Cold War Hot Spot-Iran • U.S. feared Iranians would turn to the Soviets for support during the 1950’s • U.S. supported the Shah (leader) and helped modernize the country • Religious leaders hated the Shah and U.S. support

15. COVERT ACTIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST • In 1951, the prime minister of Iran nationalized the oil fields (took them away from private companies – mostly British – and made them be owned by the government) • The U.S. began sending millions of dollars to anti-government supporters • the U.S. orchestrated the return to power of the pro-U.S. Shah of Iran in 1953 • He returned control of oil fields to private companies The last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

17. Riots Erupt in Iran • Religious leaders hated the Shah and U.S. support • Riots erupted and the Shah left • Ayatollah Khomeini took over in 1979. • Khomeini enforced anti U.S. policies and strict religious law in Iran • Islamists seized the US embassy in Tehran and took 52 Americans hostage for over a year. • The movie ARGO tells one part of the story with the hostage crisis in 1979. • This is the start of an uneasy relationship between the US and Iran that still exists today.

20. Soviets and the US engaged in Cold War conflicts world wide • Both the Soviets and the US engaged in other countries’ affairs to influence their systems of government and ways of life • Soviets-Afghanistan, China, Cuba, places in Africa and others in Latin America • US-China, Korea, Vietnam, Latin America, Iran, Afghanistan and others • The CIA began attempts to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S. using covert (secret) actions in many places.

21. Soviet Union Weakens • Engaged in too many places and conflicts world wide • The US continued to beef up its military and it threatened the Soviets • Example-President Reagan and his SDI “Star Wars” missile defense program • The Soviets could not financially afford to compete with the US in militarism • The citizens suffered tremendously and lacked goods in the USSR.

22. Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985 and was determined to bring about reforms. • He pulled the Soviets out of Afghanistan and signed new arms control treaties. • He called for glasnost, or openness, and perestroika,restructuring of the government and economy. • Gorbachev also moved the Soviet Union toward limited private enterprise.

23. Eastern European nations seized the period of unrest to declare their independenc Soviet hard-liners staged a failed coup. Gorbachev resigned and the Soviet Union broke up into 12 independent nations in 1991. These reforms led to unrest and soaring prices.

24. Eastern Bloc Countries

25. Since the 1950s, revolts against the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe had been common. • Eastern bloc countries demanded freedom and resented Russian rule. • Hungary slowly built a market economy in the 1970s and introduced reforms in the 1980s. • East German leaders resisted change. When Hungary opened its border with Austria, thousands of East Germans fled through Hungary and Austria to West Germany.

26. As Soviet control lessened, communist governments across Eastern Europe fell. • Poland held free elections in 1989. Lech Walesa was elected president. • The Berlin Wall came down in 1989. Germany reunited the following year.

27. Communism began to decline around the world. • Some communist regimes adopted reforms. In China, compromises with capitalism led to a huge economic boom. There were no major political reforms. • Vietnam opened up to the world in the 1990s, while North Korea maintained isolation. • Cuba declined without support from the Soviets.

28. Some Americans did not want to be “the world’s policeman.” • Others thought the country should play an even bigger role in world events. The United States emerged as the world’s sole superpower, but Americans debated its proper role in the world.

30. Summary • The Soviet Union could not keep control of all of their satellite nations • Lack of resources due to the arms race during the cold war caused shortages amongst citizens • Angry citizens = revolts that the Soviets ultimately could not control • Later Soviet leader introduced citizens to small freedoms and it left the people only wanting more • The Soviets lacked the money to continue to compete with the US in an arms race • The Soviet Union officially collapsed. • Russia goes back to its traditional borders and 15 satellite nations gained independence. • Communism failed

31. Classification Game • Each team will be given 43 concepts relating to the Cold War • Determine whether each one belongs on the SOVIET side or US side. 3 or 4 of them go under the BOTH category • Break up your team into groups of 2-3 and give everyone 10-12 cards • Then bring them all together under Soviet or US • Team with the most correct will win!!!!

32. End of the Year Project • We will be studying regions in the world and their current development since WWII. • Pick a country/region from the list below: • Middle East-Iraq, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan • Latin America-Mexico, Central American Country or South America • Africa-Nigeria, South Africa, Rwanda, Sudan • India • China • Southeast Asia-Cambodia, Malaysia, Philippines

33. End of the Year Project continued • After you pick a country-read about that country in the book • Find a current issue/event and summarize it in power point form • Research 5 things about common culture in your region/ country • Research a dish or food that would be common in your country and bring it in.