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AP Biology. Lab Review. Big Idea 3: genetics and information transfer. Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis. Concepts : Cell Cycle (G1 S G2 M) Control of cell cycle (checkpoints) Cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) Mitosis vs. Meiosis Crossing over genetic diversity.
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AP Biology Lab Review
Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis • Concepts: • Cell Cycle (G1 S G2 M) • Control of cell cycle (checkpoints) • Cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) • Mitosis vs. Meiosis • Crossing over genetic diversity
Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis • Description: • Model mitosis & meiosis (pipecleaners, beads) • How environment affects mitosis of plant roots • Lectin - proteins secreted by fungus • Root stimulating powder • Count # cells in interphase, mitosis • Observe karyotypes (cancer, mutations) • Meiosis & crossing over in Sordaria (fungus)
Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis • Observed crossing over in fungus (Sordaria) • Arrangement of ascospores
total crossover % crossover = total offspring % crossover distance fromcentromere = 2 Sordaria Analysis
Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation Concepts: • Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings • Plasmid = small ring of DNA with a few genes • Replicates separately from bacteria DNA • Can carry genes for antibiotic resistance • Genetic engineering: recombinant DNA = pGLO plasmid
Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation • Conclusions: • Foreign DNA inserted using vector (plasmid) • Ampicillin = Selecting agent • No transformation = no growth on amp+ plate • Regulate genes by transcription factors (araC protein)
Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA • Concepts: • Restriction Enzymes • Cut DNA at specific locations • Gel Electrophoresis • DNA is negatively charged • Smaller fragments travel faster
Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA • Description
Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA • Determine DNA fragment sizes
Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA • Conclusions: • Restriction enzymes cut at specific locations (restriction sites) • DNA is negatively charged • Smaller DNA fragments travel faster than larger fragments • Relative size of DNA fragments can be determined by distance travelled • Use standard curve to calculate size
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics • Concepts: • Energy from sunlight drives photosynthesis (store E in organic compounds) • Gross Productivity (GPP) = energy captured • But some energy is used for respiration (R) • Net primary productivity (NPP) = GPP – R • Energy flows! (but matter cycles) • Producers consumers • Biomass = mass of dry weight
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Numbers
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics • Description: • Brassica (cabbage) cabbage white butterfly larvae (caterpillars)
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics • Measuring Biomass: • Cabbage mass lost • Caterpillar mass gained • Caterpillar frass (poop) dry mass
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics • Conclusions:
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics • Conclusions: • Energy is lost (respiration, waste) • Conservation of Mass • Input = Output
Lab 11: Transpiration • Concepts: • Transpiration • Xylem • Water potential • Cohesion-tension hypothesis • Stomata & Guard cells • Leaf surface area & # stomata vs. rate of transpiration
Lab 11: Transpiration • Description: • Determine relationship between leaf surface area, # stomata, rate of transpiration • Nail polish stomatal peels • Effects of environmental factors on rate of transpiration • Temperature, humidity, air flow (wind), light intensity
Lab 11: Transpiration • Conclusions: • transpiration: wind, light • transpiration: humidity • Density of stomata vs. transpiration • Leaf surface area vs. transpiration
Lab 12: Animal Behavior • Concepts: • Experimental design • IV, DV, control, constants • Control vs. Experimental • Hypothesis • innate vs. learned behavior • choice chambers • temperature • humidity • light intensity • salinity • other factors
Lab 12: Animal Behavior • Description: • Investigate relationship between environmental factors vs. behavior • Betta fish agonistic behavior • Drosophila (fruit fly) behavior • Pillbug kinesis
Lab 12: Animal Behavior • Hypothesis Development • Poor:I think pillbugs will move toward the wet side of a choice chamber. • Better:If pillbugs are randomly placed on two sides of a wet/dry choice chamber and allowed to move about freely for 10 minutes, then more pillbugs will be found on the wet side because they prefer moist environments.
Lab 12: Animal Behavior • Experimental Design sample size
Lab 12: Animal Behavior • Data Analysis: • Chi-Square Test • Null hypothesis: there is no difference between the conditions • Degrees of Freedom = n-1 • At p=0.05, if X2 < critical value accept null hypothesis (any differences between observed and expected due to CHANCE)