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AP Biology

AP Biology. Lab Review. Big Idea 3: genetics and information transfer. Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis. Concepts : Cell Cycle (G1  S  G2  M) Control of cell cycle (checkpoints) Cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) Mitosis vs. Meiosis Crossing over  genetic diversity.

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AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology Lab Review

  2. Big Idea 3: genetics and information transfer

  3. Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis • Concepts: • Cell Cycle (G1  S  G2  M) • Control of cell cycle (checkpoints) • Cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) • Mitosis vs. Meiosis • Crossing over  genetic diversity

  4. Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis

  5. Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis

  6. Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis • Description: • Model mitosis & meiosis (pipecleaners, beads) • How environment affects mitosis of plant roots • Lectin - proteins secreted by fungus • Root stimulating powder • Count # cells in interphase, mitosis • Observe karyotypes (cancer, mutations) • Meiosis & crossing over in Sordaria (fungus)

  7. Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis

  8. Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis

  9. Abnormal karyotype = Cancer

  10. Meiosis: Crossing over in Prophase I

  11. Lab 7: Mitosis & Meiosis • Observed crossing over in fungus (Sordaria) • Arrangement of ascospores

  12. total crossover % crossover = total offspring % crossover distance fromcentromere = 2 Sordaria Analysis

  13. Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation Concepts: • Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings • Plasmid = small ring of DNA with a few genes • Replicates separately from bacteria DNA • Can carry genes for antibiotic resistance • Genetic engineering: recombinant DNA = pGLO plasmid

  14. Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation

  15. Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation

  16. Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation • Conclusions: • Foreign DNA inserted using vector (plasmid) • Ampicillin = Selecting agent • No transformation = no growth on amp+ plate • Regulate genes by transcription factors (araC protein)

  17. Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA • Concepts: • Restriction Enzymes • Cut DNA at specific locations • Gel Electrophoresis • DNA is negatively charged • Smaller fragments travel faster

  18. Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA • Description

  19. Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA • Determine DNA fragment sizes

  20. Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA • Conclusions: • Restriction enzymes cut at specific locations (restriction sites) • DNA is negatively charged • Smaller DNA fragments travel faster than larger fragments • Relative size of DNA fragments can be determined by distance travelled • Use standard curve to calculate size

  21. Big Idea 4: interactions

  22. Lab 10: Energy Dynamics • Concepts: • Energy from sunlight  drives photosynthesis (store E in organic compounds) • Gross Productivity (GPP) = energy captured • But some energy is used for respiration (R) • Net primary productivity (NPP) = GPP – R • Energy flows! (but matter cycles) • Producers  consumers • Biomass = mass of dry weight

  23. Lab 10: Energy Dynamics Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Numbers

  24. Lab 10: Energy Dynamics • Description: • Brassica (cabbage)  cabbage white butterfly larvae (caterpillars)

  25. Lab 10: Energy Dynamics • Measuring Biomass: • Cabbage  mass lost • Caterpillar  mass gained • Caterpillar frass (poop)  dry mass

  26. Lab 10: Energy Dynamics • Conclusions:

  27. Lab 10: Energy Dynamics • Conclusions: • Energy is lost (respiration, waste) • Conservation of Mass • Input = Output

  28. Lab 11: Transpiration • Concepts: • Transpiration • Xylem • Water potential • Cohesion-tension hypothesis • Stomata & Guard cells • Leaf surface area & # stomata vs. rate of transpiration

  29. Lab 11: Transpiration

  30. Lab 11: Transpiration • Description: • Determine relationship between leaf surface area, # stomata, rate of transpiration • Nail polish  stomatal peels • Effects of environmental factors on rate of transpiration • Temperature, humidity, air flow (wind), light intensity

  31. Analysis of Stomata

  32. Rates of Transpiration

  33. Lab 11: Transpiration • Conclusions: • transpiration:  wind,  light • transpiration:  humidity • Density of stomata vs. transpiration • Leaf surface area vs. transpiration

  34. Lab 12: Animal Behavior • Concepts: • Experimental design • IV, DV, control, constants • Control vs. Experimental • Hypothesis • innate vs. learned behavior • choice chambers • temperature • humidity • light intensity • salinity • other factors

  35. Lab 12: Animal Behavior • Description: • Investigate relationship between environmental factors vs. behavior • Betta fish agonistic behavior • Drosophila (fruit fly) behavior • Pillbug kinesis

  36. Lab 12: Animal Behavior

  37. Lab 12: Animal Behavior • Hypothesis Development • Poor:I think pillbugs will move toward the wet side of a choice chamber. • Better:If pillbugs are randomly placed on two sides of a wet/dry choice chamber and allowed to move about freely for 10 minutes, then more pillbugs will be found on the wet side because they prefer moist environments.

  38. Lab 12: Animal Behavior • Experimental Design sample size

  39. Lab 12: Animal Behavior • Data Analysis: • Chi-Square Test • Null hypothesis: there is no difference between the conditions • Degrees of Freedom = n-1 • At p=0.05, if X2 < critical value  accept null hypothesis (any differences between observed and expected due to CHANCE)

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