Unit IV 1820-1861

1. Unit IV1820-1861 Part 1

2. Review • Four Points of Sectional Conflict • Nullification Crisis • Clay’s American System • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Northwest Ordinance: first federal legislation to outlaw slavery

3. Reforms Education • Literature • Religion • Utopian communities • Abolition • Women’s Rights Movement • Temperance • Immigration • Prison System • Practical Reformers • Unions

4. Also • Jacksonian Democracy was considered part of the larger reform movement

5. Jackson’s Administration • Began a much bigger reform movement in the United States • Demand for more public schools…especially in New England and the Midwest • Not so practical for the South • Westerners did not associate schools with education

6. The Public School movement is important • It was the first major effort in the U.S. which succeeded in linking the power of government to an effort to reform and transform society • The Government wanted to wrest education out of the hands of the Church

7. Massachusetts • 1837 First to establish a State Board of Education • Horace Mann was the first State School Superintendent • 1852 Compulsory Attendance Law

8. Pennsylvania • 1834 Pennsylvania Free School Act: divided the state into districts • Districts levied taxes to support schools • By the Civil War, most states had begun with free public schooling

9. Women’s (higher) Education • 1827 Emma Hunt Willard established the Troy Female Seminary • 1837 Mary Lyon established Mt. Holyoke • 1841 Oberlin • First coed college • First integrated college

10. Literature and the Romantic Period • More of a mood than a set of ideas • Emphasized: imagination, feeling, emotion, intuition, inspiration, the inner light of an individual, outward zeal for reform • A revolt against the Age of Reason

11. European Influence • Rousseau: the father of Romanticism: So long as man preserves the human form, he is fettered by institutions (of “civilization”) • The German influence: Philosophy of Kant, poetry of Goethe, music of Beethoven • The English Influence: Coleridge, Wordsworth, Carlyle

12. The Americans • Irving: The legend of Sleepy Hallow • Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter • Melville: Moby Dick • Poe: The Raven • Cooper: The Leather Stocking Series • Mark Twain: Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn • Longfellow: The Village Blacksmith

13. The Transcendentalists(kill me now) • Thoreau: Walden, “Civil Disobedience” • Emerson: “Nature” “Self Reliance” • Whitman: Leaves of Grass • Anti organized government, religion, any institution (schools, political party and even reform movements)

14. The Transcendentalists • Stress “natural” man, intuition, freedom, spiritual distance from society… • Talked about reform (abolition) but no action • In the South: romanticized Southern “institutions” (slavery) • NOTE: about 1/5 whites in South were slave-owners

15. Religion • Unitarians: moved away from Christian doctrine to no doctrine • New: Deciples of Christ, Church of Christ • Still: The Second Great Awakening • Off shoots from other churches: Primative Baptists, Free-will Baptists • New surge of revivalism and camp meetings

16. The Mormons • 1823 Joseph Smith visited by a “divine being” • Called Moroni • Said, “The Lord has work for you to do…later” • Smith was barely literate, not overly religious • 1827 Moroni returned, instructed Smith to dig under a tree.

17. The Mormons • Smith dug up book plates inscribed with an ancient language • Moroni gave Smith tools to translate with and instructed him to write The Book of the Mormon • 11 people who were witnesses to the original plates signed affidavits to verify

18. By 1830 • The Book of the Mormon was published • Difficult to find recruits • Smith had a small following • Did institute polygamy • Began to move his small community West

19. On the Way • In Illinois Smith was attacked by a mob and killed • Mormons continued West led by Brigham Young • Made it to Utah by 1847 where they multiplied and prospered

20. Utopian Communities • Experiments in communal living: people would pool their belongings, share the work and share in the profits (harvest usually) • Some Communes were religious (often millenarians') • Some were purely secular

21. The Brook Farm Community • Secular • Monogamous • Lived separately from society • Property ownership was communal • Strictly voluntary • Hawthorne lived there for 2 years

22. Oneida Community • 1850’s • Founder John Humphrey Noyes • Shared EVERYTHIG • Communal marriages, Children

23. Other Secular Communities • Amana Community New York and Iowa in the 1840’s and 1850’s • Fruitlands: founder Amos Alcott (father of Louisa May Alcott

24. Religious Utopian Communities • Rappites: Founder George Rapp 1804 • Had 600 followers • Millenarians • Renounced Sex • Took the Bible literally • Believed the END was at hand

25. The Shakers • Ann Lee: illiterate but effective speaker • Died 1784 • By 1830’s: 6,000 members in 20 successful Shaker Communities • Made furniture • Also millenarians • Strict separation of the sexes • Took in orphans, fed those down on their luck • Much singing and dancing

26. Practical Reformers • Dorthea Dix: worked alone for 30 years on behalf of the insane • Began in 1841 • By 1854 Congress passed a bill to provide federal funds to care for the insane • Was vetoed by Pierce who thought funding was unconstitutional…but urged charitable giving

27. Practical Reformers • 1851 Thomas Gallaundet: established schools for the deaf in 14 states • Dr. Samuel Howe: worked with the blind. Before the introduction of Braille, he devised his own system of raised letters

28. Other Reforms • Flogging was abolished in the navy • Prison Reform: 2 model systems: • The Auburn System and the Philadelphia System • Both were very harsh. • Prisoners: absolute silence, no contact with the outside world

29. The Big Three • Temperance • Women’s Rights • Abolition