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WWI and the US

WWI and the US. Unleashing the beast, OR just remember, “ ANIMal ”. WWI Absurdity: Where – Europe; When - 1914 . Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire Bulgaria (1915). Serbia Russia England France Italy (1915) Romania (1916) Greece (1917).

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WWI and the US

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  1. WWI and the US Unleashing the beast, OR just remember, “ANIMal”

  2. WWI Absurdity: Where – Europe; When - 1914 Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire Bulgaria (1915) Serbia Russia England France Italy (1915) Romania (1916) Greece (1917) Bosnia-Serbian “freedom fighters” – the Black Hand A-H bullies Bosnia

  3. WWI Absurdity: Why? ANIMAL! What?!! “M” (aniMal) = Militarism, strong arm competition “A” (Animal) = secret Alliances “N” (aNimal) = Nationalism “A” (animAl) = Anarchy, no neutral organization to settle disputes “I” (anImal) = Imperialism, competition to control land & resources “L” (animaL) = Leadership, poor!

  4. Unleashing the Beast Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28th 1914 England, France, Russia later joined by Italy, US and Japan Triple Entente (Green) VS Central Powers Triple Alliance OR (Brown) Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire

  5. Game On: The “Great” War? • Trench Warfare • Mechanization of War • Chemical Warfare • And old fighting styles • Picture: Battle of Somme • Day 1 - 21,000 British troops killed • 1.2 million both sides (4 ½ months) • Battle line moves nowhere • War - mostly in France

  6. Results • 37 Million Casualties • 16 Million Deaths, 21 Million Wounded • 42% of the Deaths were Civilian • US 2% of Entente Military Deaths

  7. US from Isolation to Involvement • Unrestricted submarine warfare • German U Boat Activity– blockade of GB • The Lusitania sunk May 7th 1915 • 128 Americans killed • Passenger Ship • Secretly carrying munitions • Germans’ “Sussex pledge” 1916, short-lived

  8. Money Matter$ • Wilson re-elected 1916 – "He kept us out of war." • Trade with Entente 1914-16, $825 mil to $3.2 bil • October 1915, President Wilson permits loans to both sides • Favors Britain and France • By 1917, Entente = $2.25 billion; loans to Germany =$27 million • Projected loss in 1917 – 3.7% GNP • Actual cost of war – 6.3% GNP

  9. Zimmerman Note March 1917 • Zimmerman, German diplomat offers Mexican alliance • Mexico would receive Arizona, New Mexico, Texas for joining Germany

  10. Zimmerman Note Pt 2 • US Response • Direct Threat and Challenge to US • Violation of Monroe Doctrine • Mexican Response • NO! Want no more US intervention • Germany resumes U-Boat Warfare

  11. US Declared War on April 6th 1917 • Mobilization • (1) the Food Admin., • (2) the Fuel Admin., • (3) the Railroad Admin., & (4) the War Industries Board • May 18, 1917 - Draft almost 3 million troops • Propaganda • Committee on Public Information - George Creel • Reject all things German

  12. Wilson’s 14 Points • Wilson was genuinely horrified by WWI. • Main themes to Wilson’s 14 Points Were • 1) no more secret treaties 2) countries must seek to reduce their weapons and their armed forces 3) national self-determination should allow people of the same nationality to govern themselves and one nationality should not have the power to govern another 4) all countries should belong to the League of Nations • Treaty of Versailles • Entente wanted to punish Germany • League of Nations kept, Germany reduced arms and allies gave up land

  13. Congress Resists Treaty • Political Posturing • Republican Congress vs. Democrat Wilson • Congress angry they were excluded • US Signs Separate Peace Treaty with Germany (Treaty of Berlin 1921) • All the benefits of treaty of Versailles without League of Nations

  14. Isolationism • The Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles = US return to Isolationism • Europe for Europe, US Focus on Western Hemisphere

  15. Impact of WWI on US • US Gains More Power, Economically • Monroe Doctrine becomes entrenched; Europe busy at home • Good Neighbor Policy • Rise of Conservatism • Economics • Social • Isolationism • Europe’s problems are just that, Europe’s problem’s • Focus on Western Hemisphere • Urbanization • War effort increased industrial production

  16. Impact of WWI on US • From net debtor to net creditor • Center of world finance • Ideas about the appropriate role of the federal government in the economy – again in the Great Depression

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