Historical Background Of Nanotechnology

2. Historical Background Of Nanotechnology By SawasnBakrElsawy Assistant lecturer of Chest Diseases Al-Azhar University Faculty of Medicine

3. History of Nanotechnology Despite the hype around nanotechnology in recent years, it is not a new technology.

4. أكد العالم المصرى الدكتور محمد على أحمد أستاذ النانو تكنولوجى بكلية العلوم جامعة القاهرة • النانو تكنولوجى موجود منذ 7 آلاف سنة، فى الحضارة الفرعونية وعند المصريين القدماء، فمعابد الفراعنة وقدماء المصريون أبهروا العالم بألوانها الثابتة، وأن النانو تكنولوجى موجود فى جميع المعابد المصرية بالكامل، سواء فى بناء الأهرامات وسواء فى أى لألوان وسواء فى مواد البناء لا تتغير بفعل الزمن، • النانو كان موجود فى كل شئ فى حياتهم، حتى فى حنة الشعر، وتم تحليلها فى أكبر المعامل الفرنسية، عام 2012 ووجودها 6.7 نانو متر • ولكن فى العصر الحديث انتبهوا للنانو تكنولوجيا من خلال حيوان السحلية تتحرك على الزجاج بدون زحلقة فبدأوا يعملوا الأبحاث من خلال الميكروسكوبات الإلكترونية، عليها وعلى الزجاج الناعم، وبدراسة حركات السطح للزجاج فوجئوا بجبال وهضاب ومرتفعات على سطح الزجاج، فكيف هذا: وبفحص قدم السحلية وجدوه ناعم عن سطح الزجاج نفسه، ووجودوا أن بها شعيرات كل شعيرة من 2إلى 4 نانو متر، وسطح الزجاج 20 نانو، فتحرك السحلية على سطح الزجاج صعب للغاية، وكأن شخص بيتسلق جبال ومرتفعات من غير زحلقة، فبدأوا ينتبهوا للنانو تكنولوجى.

5. The glass cup known as Lycurgus cup in the British Museum, due to nanoparticles of gold and silver, looks jade green in natural light and an impressive red colour when a bright light shines through it

6. Indian used nanotechnology to make weapons and long lasting cave paintings about 2000 years ago The colour effect of butterfly wings was copied by the Romans about 1600 years ago.

7. The first observation and size measurements of nanoparticles were carried out using an ultra microscope by Richard Zsigmondy in 1902.

8. TheAmerican physicistRichard Feynman lectured, "“ There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”. On December 29, 1959, at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech Richard Feynman gave a 1959 talk which many years later inspired the conceptual foundations of nanotechnology.

9. Feynman suggested that it should be possible to make machines at a nano-scale that "arrange the atoms the way we want", and do chemical synthesis by mechanical manipulation. This lecture was • the birth of the idea and study of nanotechnology.

10. Hibbs’s Idea on Nanotechnology in Medicine • Albert R. Hibbs -a noted mathematician was fascinated by self-actuated machines. According to Feynman, Hibbs originally suggested to him (circa 1959) the idea of a medical use for Feynman's theoretical micromachines.

11. Albert R. Hibbs suggests a very interesting possibility for relatively small machines. it would be interesting in surgery if you could swallow the surgeon. You put the mechanical surgeon inside the blood vessel and it goes into the heart and ``looks'' around … It finds out which valve is the faulty one and takes a little knife and slices it out. Other small machines might be permanently incorporated in the body to assist some inadequately-functioning organ”.

12. The term nanotechnology was first used in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi, a researcher at the University of Tokyo, who used it to refer to the ability to engineer materials at nanoscale.

13. In the 1980s, two inventions which enabled the imaging of individual atoms or molecules as well as their manipulation led to significant progress in the field of nanotechnology. Gerd invented scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 ,(STM) while Henrich Rohrer invented atomic force microscopy Gerd Binnig (left) and Heinrich Rohrer (right) won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for their 1981 invention of the scanning tunneling microscope

14. Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, who together won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Harry Kroto won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Richard Smalley (pictured below) and Robert Curl for their 1985 discovery of buckminsterfullerene,.

15. 1986 Eric Drexler began to promote and popularize nanotechnology through speeches and books – • Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, • that proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. K. Eric Drexler developed and popularized the concept of nanotechnology and founded the field of molecular nanotechnology.

16. In 1991 his work at the MIT Media Lab was the first doctoral degree on the topic of molecular nanotechnology that was titled as "Molecular Machinery and Manufacturing with Applications to Computation  which received the Association of American Publishers award for Best Computer Science Book of 1992.

17. In 1991 Saumio Iijima discovered multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the insoluble material of arc-burned graphite rods

18. By2000, the United States government launched the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI –a Federal visionary research and development programme for nanotechnology-based investments through the coordination of 16 various US departments and independent agencies) and these paved way for the progress in research and development in the field of nanotechnology

19. Nanomedicine research is receiving funding from the US National Institutes of Health. • In April 2006, the journalNature Materialsestimated that 130 nanotech-based drugs and delivery systems were being developed worldwide.

20. What Feynman and Hibbs considered a possibility, today 55 years later, is becoming a reality.

21. Definition of Nanotechnology • Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. • nanotechnology involvesimaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulatingmatter at this length scale.

22. What is Nanoscale ww.mathworks.com Fullerenes C60 www.physics.ucr.edu 22 cm 0.7 nm 12,756 Km 1.27 × 107 m 0.7 × 10-9 m 0.22 m 1 billion times smaller 10 millions times smaller

23. The nanoscale is more interesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something -- it's not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful. (Nobel Prize winner Dr. Horst Störmer)

24. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light and a hundred-thousandth the width of a human hair 

26. At the nano level materials begin to demonstrate entirely newchemical and physical properties. • Materials can be stronger, lighter and highly soluble, reducing of melting point …… • By manipulating the arrangement of atoms nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices .

27. Nanotechnology Generations

28. Method of synthesis • Top down approach • Bottom up approach • Functional approach

29. Top-down approaches • These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly. • Many technologies descended from conventional solid-state silicon methods for fabricating microprocessors are now capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm, falling under the definition of nanotechnology. Photolithography.

30. Bottom-up approaches • These seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies. • DNA nanotechnologyutilizes the specificity of Watson-Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids. An example of a molecular self assembly through hydrogen bonds.

31. Functional approaches • These seek to develop components of a desired functionality without regard to how they might be assembled. • Molecular electronicsseeks to develop molecules with useful electronic properties. These could then be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device. • Synthetic chemical methods can also be used to create synthetic molecular motors, such as in a so-called nanocar.

32. Nanotechnology Applications Information Technology Energy • More efficient and cost effective technologies for energy production • Solar cells • Fuel cells • Batteries • Bio fuels • Smaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based systems Consumer Goods Medicine • Foods and beverages • Advanced packaging materials, sensors, and lab-on-chips for food quality testing • Appliances and textiles • Stain proof, water proof and wrinkle free textiles • Household and cosmetics • Self-cleaning and scratch free products, paints, and better cosmetics • Cancer treatment • Bone treatment • Drug delivery • Appetite control • Drug development • Medical tools • Diagnostic tests • Imaging

33. Nanomedicine Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in medicine, including to cure diseases and repair damaged tissues such as bone, muscle, and nerve

34. Applications of Medical Nanotechnology

35. Nanomedicine helps in Early Diagnosis Higher sensitivity detection of early biomarkers Non- invasive and painless diagnostic techniques Genetic testing for individual therapy selection

36. Nano-medicine in Cancer • Study of cancer at molecular level • understand the relationship between gene mutation and the cause of cancers • identify tumour markers for early diagnosis of different cancers

37. develop cure for traditionally incurable cancer

38. Helps Targeted Drug Delivery Protected drug delivery to target sites through nanoparticles miniature device with higher doses and healthy tissue not affected provide more effective cure with fewer side effects

39. Regenerative Medicine • Targeted Cell implantation • Bio mimicking cell membranes • Polymers with programmable conformation • Control of implant rejections

40. Medicine may become Atomic Medicine Ultimate Nanotechnology would be to build at the level of one atom at a time and to be able to do so with perfection.

41. Reference • A. Surendiran, S. Sandhiya, S.C. Pradhan & C. Adithan. Novel applications of nanotechnology in medicine. Indian J Med Res 130, December 2009, pp 689-701. Medina C, Santos-Martinez MJ, Radomski A, Corrigan OI, Radomski MW. Nanoparticles : pharmacological and toxicological significance. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150 : 552-8. Gregoriadis G, Ryman BE. Fate of protein-containing liposomes injected into rats. An approach to the treatment of storage diseases. Eur J Biochem 1972; 24 : 485-91. McCormack B, Gregoriadis G. Drugs-in- cyclodextrins -in- liposomes – a novel concept in drug-delivery. Int J Pharm 1994; 112 : 249-58