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COMP541 160 Digital Logic and Computer Design

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COMP541 160 Digital Logic and Computer Design

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    1. 1 COMP541 (160) Digital Logic and Computer Design Montek Singh Jan 11, 2007

    2. 2

    3. 3 Whats Course About? Digital logic, focusing on the design of computers Stay above transistor level Only one class on transistors and VLSI Each person designs a MIPS CPU and peripheral logic (VGA, joystick) Project like an Atari 2600 game High-level language Modern design practices

    4. 4 How Can We Do This? Field Programmable Gate Arrays Chips with a lot of circuits Tens of thousands to millions of transistors Programmable We write programs describing design Tools translate to gates/wires Download pattern to chip

    5. 5 We Will Use This Board

    6. 6 Schematic Diagram

    7. 7 Verilog /* * A 32-bit counter with only 4 bits of output. The idea is * to select which of the counter stages you want to pass on. * * Anselmo Lastra, November 2002 */ module cntr_32c(clk,res,out); input clk; input res; output [3:0] out; reg [31:0] count; always @ (posedge res or posedge clk) if(res) count <= 0; else count <= count + 1; assign out[3] = count[28]; assign out[2] = count[27]; assign out[1] = count[26]; assign out[0] = count[25]; endmodule

    8. 8 Xilinx Software Use design tools from chip maker Have full version on lab PCs Can install on your PC ModelSim simulator or built-in

    9. 9 Class Web Pages Linked from my home page http://www.cs.unc.edu/~montek All notes posted Will try to put them there before class Lab documents there also See Blackboard for grades

    10. 10 Textbook and Syllabus Largely follow Prof. Lastras syllabus Morris Mano and Charles Kime Logic and Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, 3rd Edition Prentice Hall, 2004 Will largely follow text Slightly different order More emphasis on HLL

    11. 11 Overview of Textbook Chapters 1-6: Digital logic Combinational and sequential Chapter 7-8: Register Transfer and State Machines Chapter 9: Memories Chapters 10-12: Computer design Chapter 13: I/O Chapter 14: Memory Hierarchies

    12. 12 Order of Topics Will change order from that in book To try to get you working on interesting labs sooner Move sequential design earlier Then backfill details on combinational design

    13. 13 May Also Need COMP120 book For MIPS reference How many have one? I can copy the few necessary pages Verilog reference Book optional Web pages see course home page

    14. 14 Grading Labs 35% Easier at first; later ones will count more Homework 20% Two tests spaced evenly 12.5% each Final 20% (optional for some)

    15. 15 Labs Paced slowly at first Familiarization with tools, simple combinational design, design a digital lock or similar Peripheral VGA, opt. keyboard interface or joystick Build up computer components Registers, ALU, decoder Assemble a simple MIPS Add more features, enough for simple computer Final demo game or similar

    16. 16 Lab Sections No lab this Friday You need a little more info to begin Begin next week Lab is in SN 027, down the hall by the back entrance

    17. 17 Late Policy Homework assignments and lab reports due by class time Labs due on Tuesday after the lab period One class late, 10 points off Two classes late, 25 points off Not accepted later

    18. 18 Whats Your Background? Course experience Work, etc. Which COMP120? Whats your intent in taking class? Questions?

    19. 19 Office Hours Would like to wait a week to set Send email if you want to meet

    20. 20 Now Shift to Technology Should be review for all of you

    21. 21 Digital vs. Analog Analog infinite resolution Like (old fashioned) radio dial Well do very little with analog VGA, maybe sound Digital a finite set of values Like money Cant get smaller than cents Typically also has maximum value

    22. 22 Binary Signaling Zero volts FALSE or 0 3.3 or 5 volts TRUE or 1 Modern chips down to 1V Why not multilevel signaling?

    23. 23 Discrete Data Some data inherently discrete Names (sets of letters) Some quantized Music recorded from microphone Note that other examples like music from CD or electronic keyboard already quantized Mouse movement is quantized Well, some mice

    24. 24 Numbers and Arithmetic Ive put most of these slides at end Backup in case youve forgotten Review of binary numbers, Hexadecimal, Arithmetic Lets cover Other codes, parity

    25. 25 BCD Binary Coded Decimal Decimal digits stored in binary Four bits/digit Like hex, except stops at 9 Example 931 is coded as 1001 0011 0001 Remember: these are just encodings. Meanings are assigned by us.

    26. 26 Other Codes Exist Non positional Example: Gray Code Only one bit changes at a time 000,001,011,010,110,111,101,100 Why is this useful? Actually theres a family of Gray codes

    27. 27 Shaft Encoder

    28. 28 Character Codes From numbers to letters ASCII Stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange Only 7 bits defined Unicode You may make up your own code for the MIPS VGA

    29. 29 ASCII table

    30. 30 Even Parity Sometimes high-order bit of ASCII coded to enable detection of errors Even parity set bit to make number of 1s even Examples A (01000001) with even parity is 01000001 C (01000011) with even parity is 11000011

    31. 31 Odd Parity Similar except make the number of 1s odd Examples A (01000001) with odd parity is 11000001 C (01000011) with odd parity is 01000011

    32. 32 Error Detection Note that parity detects only simple errors One, three, etc. bits More complex methods exist Some that enable recovery of original info Cost is more redundant bits

    33. 33 Todays Topics Introduction Digital logic Number systems Arithmetic Codes Parity The encoding is key Standards are used to agree on encodings Special purpose codes for particular uses

    34. 34 Homework None, but I expect you to know number systems well and be able to do conversions and arithmetic Decimal Binary Binary Decimal Decimal Hex Hex Decimal Can do some of the problems 1-2, 1-4, 1-7 if you think you need a refresher. Answers on book website.

    35. 35 Reading Skim chapter 1 Quick read to make sure youre comfortable with material Read Chapter 2

    36. 36 Next Week Combinational Logic Basics Lab preview Ill demo tools in class, probably Thursday Lab on Friday the 19th Schematic capture Maybe simple Verilog Run on FPGA

    37. 37 Lab Walkthrough Lets go see the lab Shared with LEGO 1st year seminar

    38. 38 Backup Slides Should be all review material

    39. 39 Binary Numbers Strings of binary digits (bits) One bit can store a number from 0 to 1 n bits can store numbers from 0 to 2n http://fls.cll.wayne.edu/olmt/BINARY/ is a nice web page on Binary. http://fls.cll.wayne.edu/olmt/BINARY/ is a nice web page on Binary.

    40. 40 Binary Powers of 2 Positional representation Each digit represents a power of 2 So 101 binary is 1 22 + 0 21 + 1 20 or 1 4 + 0 2 + 1 1 = 5

    41. 41 Converting Binary to Decimal Easy, just multiply digit by power of 2 Just like a decimal number is represented Example follows

    42. 42 Binary ? Decimal Example

    43. 43 Decimal to Binary A little more work than binary to decimal Some examples 3 = 2 + 1 = 11 (thats 121 + 120) 5 = 4 + 1 = 101 (thats 122 + 021 + 120)

    44. 44 Algorithm Decimal to Binary Find largest power-of-two smaller than decimal number Make the appropriate binary digit a 1 Subtract the power of 2 from decimal Do the same thing again

    45. 45 Decimal ? Binary Example Convert 28 decimal to binary

    46. 46 Hexadecimal Strings of 0s and 1s too hard to write Use base-16 or hexadecimal 4 bits

    47. 47 Hexadecimal Letters to represent 10-15

    48. 48 Hex to Binary Convention write 0x before number Hex to Binary just convert digits

    49. 49 Binary to Hex Just convert groups of 4 bits

    50. 50 Hex to Decimal Just multiply each hex digit by decimal value, and add the results.

    51. 51 Decimal to Hex Analogous to decimal ? binary. Find largest power-of-16 smaller than decimal number Divide by power-of-16. The integer result is hex digit. The remainder is new decimal number. Do the same thing again

    52. 52 Decimal to Hex

    53. 53 Octal Octal is base 8 Similar to hexadecimal Conversions Less convenient for use with 8-bit bytes

    54. 54 Arithmetic -- addition Binary similar to decimal arithmetic

    55. 55 Arithmetic -- subtraction

    56. 56 Arithmetic -- multiplication

    57. 57 Hexadecimal Arithmetic Similar If youre doing by hand, easiest to convert each set of digits to decimal and back Skill is not very useful

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