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Face Theory of Conflict Negotation

Face Theory of Conflict Negotation. COM 372—Theory and Research in Intercultural Communication John R. Baldwin Illinois State University. Face negotiation theory (of conflict) (Ting-Toomey, 2005). Background: Goffman

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Face Theory of Conflict Negotation

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  1. Face Theory of Conflict Negotation COM 372—Theory and Research in Intercultural Communication John R. Baldwin Illinois State University

  2. Face negotiation theory (of conflict)(Ting-Toomey, 2005) • Background: Goffman • Face: “about identity respect and other-identity consideration issues within and beyond the actual encounter episode” (2005, p. 73) • “A claimed sense of favorable social self-worth that a person wants others to have of her or him” (TT&K, 1998, p. 187) • “An individual’s claimed sense of favorable social self-image” (p. 190) • Can be “threatened, enhanced, undermined, and bargained over—on both an emotional reactive level and a cognitive appraisal level” (p. 73)

  3. Face negotiation theory (of conflict)(Ting-Toomey, 2005) • Background: Goffman • Brown & Levinson • Face • Positive and negative • Self and other face • Politeness • Positive: buffering sense of connection/competence • Negative: giving hearer a way out, softening requests, etc.

  4. Face negotiation theory (Ting-Toomey, 2005) • Background: Facework “the specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors that we engage in to maintain or restore face loss and to uphold and honor face gain” • Face loss • FTAs • Preventative and restorative facework

  5. Face negotiation theory (Ting-Toomey, 2005) • Assumptions (summarized) • People in all cultures negotiate face • Self—and thus face—is at the basis of all communication! • Some situations especially threaten face • Cultural variable differences influence aspects of face negotiation • Individual differences also influence face

  6. Face negotiation theory (Ting-Toomey, 2005) • Aspects of face that might be influenced: • Face orientation (self/other/both) • Face movements (defended, saved, maintained, upgraded) • Facework interaction strategies (V/NV—direct/indirect) • Conflict communication styles • Face content domains (positive/negative)

  7. Preventative Facework Credentialing Suspended judgment appeals Pre-disclosure Pre-apology Hedging Disclaimer … Restorative Facework Direct aggression Excuses Justifications Humor Physical remediation Passive aggressiveness Avoidance Apologies … Facework interaction strategies(Ting-Toomey, 2005)

  8. Conflict • A definition: “the perceived incompatability of values, norms, processes, or goals between a minimum of two cultural parties over identity, relational, and/or substantive issues” (2002, p. 323) • Types • Expressive/Relational • Instrumental/Substantive • Identity

  9. Facework Conflict strategies(Ting-Toomey, 2005) I Win Dominating/ Controlling Integrating/ Collaborating Compromising Own Goals Avoiding/ Withdrawing Yielding/ Obliging I Lose You Lose You Win Other’s Goals

  10. Additional Strategies • Stella Ting-Toomey & John Oetzel

  11. Lets Make Some (facework) Predictions! • Culture-level variables • Individualism/collectivism • Power distance • Individual-level variables • Self-construal • Independent/dependent • Biconstrual/ambivalent • Relational-contextual variables • In-group/out-group • Other important variables?

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