Industrial technical applications of enzymes

1. Industrial technical applications of enzymes

2. Major biotransformations at industrial scale 1. Fine-pharma chemistry

3. High-fructose corn syrups (HFCS) The largest enzymatic process at industrial level HFCS set the technological basis for “first generation bioethanol biorefineries” 1.Corn biorefineries Refining started by simple starch extraction in 1948 by Thomas Kingsford, which was initially used as a laundry aid, food ingredient and sweetener production. With the development of glucoamylase in the 1940s and 1950s it became a straightforward matter to produce glucose syrups. However, D-glucose has only about 70% of the sweetness of sucrose, on a weight basis, and is comparatively insoluble. Batches of glucose syrup at the final commercial concentration (71%) must be kept warm to prevent crystallisation or diluted to concentrations that are microbiologically insecure.

4. 2. High-fructose corn syrups (HFCS) Fructose is 30% sweeter than sucrose, on a weight basis, and twice as soluble as glucose at low temperatures. A 50% conversion of glucose to fructose overcomes both problems giving a stable syrup that is as sweet as a sucrose solution of the same concentration. The production of HFCS was developed first in Japan and later in the United States. It gained commercial importance in the United States because of the lack of supply of sucrose after the Cuban revolution in 1958, and it continues to be one of the most important industrial enzymes to this day.

5. D-Glucose isomerase catalyzes in vitro the reversible isomerization of D-glucose to D-fructose The isomerisation is possible by chemical means but not economical, giving tiny yields and many by-products e.g. 0.1 M glucose 'isomerised' with 1.22 M KOH at 5°C under nitrogen for 3.5 months gives a 5% yield of fructose but only 7% of the glucose remains unchanged, the majority being converted to various hydroxy acids. No alternative to enzymes!

7. 3. Idrolisi dell’amido per ottenere bioetanolo

8. First generation biofuels: ethanol from starch & grains Grains (rye, wheat, corn) Amylases Fuel ethanol Ethanol fermentation Dextrinization, Saccharification Gelatinization (heating) Glucose Nowadays, corn wet milling is one of the main fuel ethanol production processes in the USA. The advantages of using cereals and other agricultural products for fuel and chemical production lies on the available infrastructure and expertise in collection, distribution and processing. However, they do not provide sustainable renewable resources for widespread fuel and chemical production due to direct competition with food applications.

9. Major biotransformations at industrial scale 1. Fine-pharma chemistry

10. β-Galactosidase hydrolyses lactose into glucose and galactose, is a widely used in food technology, mainly in the dairy industry. Lactoseintollerance: lack of beta-galactosidase

12. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose is one of the most important biotechnological processes in the food industry. It is realised by enzyme β-galactosidase (β-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23), trivial called lactase. The enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose proposes several benefits and advantages of industrial application, including: – development of lactose hydrolysed products to present one of the possible approaches to diminish the lactose intolerance problem, prevalent in more than half of the world’s population, – formation of galacto-oligosaccharides during lactose hydrolysis to favour the growth of intestinal bacterial microflora, – improvement in the technological and sensorial characteristics of foods containing hydrolysed lactose, – better biodegradability of whey after lactose hydrolysis

14. Major biotransformations at industrial scale 1. Fine-pharma chemistry

15. Enzymatic hydrolysis of nitriles 30000 ton/anno Acrylic acid polyacrilamide

16. Use of whole cells for the production of acrylamide • Production of acrylamide by hydration of acrylonitrile using whole bacterial cells (Pseudomonas chloraphis, Rhodococcus rhodochrous). • industrial scale > 30,000 tonnes / year • Yields >99% • formation of by-products ( acrylic acid ) completely avoided Cell density time

17. Kemira investe 30 milioni di euro,raddoppia i dipendenti e inaugura SAN GIORGIO DI NOGARO (Udine) - L’aziendaKemiraItaly Spa inaugura il suo nuovostabilimentonella zonaindustrialediSan Giorgio di Nogaroalla presenza dell’ambasciatore finlandesein Italia, Janne Taalas. Dopo un investimento di 30 milioni di euro, oggi nella fabbrica lavorano122 dipendenti.Nuovi mercatiL’appuntamento con il taglio del nastro è per martedì 27 settembre, dalle 10.30. Grazie a investimento di30 milioni di eurol’opificio è stato innovato contecnologieall’avanguardia, consentendo l’espansionedell’attività commerciale nei mercati di Europa, Medio Oriente e Africa. Il sito produce polimeri per diversi usi: cellulosa e carta, gas e petrolio, settore estrattivo e trattamenti idrici. Il programma dell’inaugurazione prevede l’intervento del Presidente e Ceo di Kemira, Jari Rosendal, e dell’Ambasciatore finlandese in Italia, Janne Taalas. Seguiranno le visite guidate allo stabilimento.La ex "3F Chimica"«Abbiamo rilevato il sito produttivo dalla “3F Chimica” nell’ottobre del 2013 – spiega Rosendal -, intuendo che c’era una forte opportunità strategica per quanto riguarda l’espansione della nostra attività nel settore dei polimeri, il trattamento della materia grezza, la logistica e il risparmio dei costi fissi. Dall’acquisizioneabbiamo notevolmente investito a San Giorgio di Nogaro, più che raddoppiando la capacità produttiva dello stabilimento. Attualmente è uno dei più grandi impianti d’Europa nella produzione dipolimeria secco in emulsione».

18. Meccanismo dell’idrolisi basica dei nitrili: Figura 20.4 MECCANISMO: L’idrolisi basica di un nitrile fornisce prima un’ammide, che viene poi idrolizzata ad anione carbossilato. L’attacco della prima mole di OH- porta ad una ammide. L’attaco della seconda mole di OH- porta al carbossilato Chimicamente è difficile evitare la formazione dell’acido come prodotto secondario

19. hydrolases isomerases transferases oxidoreductases lyases

20. hydrolases isomerases transferases oxidoreductases lyases

21. hydrolases isomerases transferases oxidoreductases lyases

22. hydrolases isomerases transferases oxidoreductases lyases Adapted from: Ole Kirk et al., Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2002, 13, 345.