MMJ 151

1. MMJ 151 Lighting – be sure to also review reading

2. Types of Light • Incident: comes directly from the light source • Reflected: has come in contact with some other material before entering our field of vision • Our ability to see largely the result of reflected light • Incident and reflected light meter

3. Film vs. video • Gaffer – head of electrical • Works with DP / cinematographer • Lighting Director • Term used in a simpler kind of operation like a TV news studio or simple on-location productions

4. Lighting Director’s Goals • Meet artistic needs of the program • General Illumination needs • Develops a lighting plan so that all performers and parts of the set are lit as required/desired • Lighting should be ‘invisible’ • Lighting is done ‘per camera’

5. Measuring Light Levels • Measured with a light meter • In footcandles (ftc)--amount of light falling on a surface one foot from the light with the illumination level of one candle • Also used, lux: About 10 lux = 1 ftc • Measure incident & reflected

6. Light meterusing a meter But also, ‘pocket light meter’ -- apps

7. Lighting ratio • Incident light measurement • Reflected – spot meter reading • At the subject’s location • Capturing and controlling light

8. Other lighting issues • 1--Contrast Ratio: brightest to darkest: human eye 100:1, TV 30:1 • Outdoor / stadium daytime shots (shader) • AGC automatically adjusts • 2--Color Temperature: measure of the frequency of the light wave • 3,200° K / 5,600° K / red / blue

9. Lighting uses & objectives • Flat Lighting (shape/texture) • High-key / low-key for mood • Limbo (subject ‘in limbo’ against softly lit cyc) • Cameo (subject lit / background dark; angelic) • Silhouette (subject dark & background lit)lighting-focus attn.

10. Lighting Instruments • Quartz lamp (‘bulb’) • 3,200° K • 500 / 1,000 / 2,000 watts / 10,000 • New High Speed Fluorescent (HSF) • Traditional / HSF at 3,200° K • HMI lamp -- 5,600° K • LED emergence

11. Lighting Instruments • Spotlights • Controlled beam / pinned & spread • Fresnel • Other major spotlight type • Ellipsoidal / leko / cutters / cookies / gobos • Open face spot • Barn doors

12. Fresnel – controlled beam spot

13. Scoop – bowl shaped flood

14. Pan (or) broad flood light

15. Soft light

16. 3 point lighhting, lights above

17. Formula lighting plus kicker

18. 6-across Strip / cyc light

19. Leko (ellipsoidal) spotlight

20. Cookie (cucalorus) demo

21. scrims

22. CTO gel (convert 5500° to 3200°

23. CTO vs. CTB • Can be inside professional camera on a filter wheel • Can be material (as shown in previous) that can cover lights • Read about CTO vs. CTB

24. CTB gel sheets, gels can be ‘full CTB, ½ CTB, ¾ CTB etc.

25. ¾ CTB on Arri light w/barn doors

26. CTB gel, softbox light front, Arri side light on light stand Note camera shooting the subject is below the soft light

27. Lighting Instruments • Floodlights • Pans/broads --rectangular shaped • Scoop -- Bowl shaped • Strip lights for background • Softlight -- lamp points inward • Sometimes covered with scrim/scrims

28. Newer lighting instruments • HSF / HMI ~ HID (lights for sale) • LED

29. HMI light on a light stand

30. Lights in TV studio lung from grid

31. Studio Lighting • Light Board / dimmers / pig tails • Grid vs. floor stand / c-stand • Gobo arm / mafer clamp etc. • Extension poles, c-clamp, safety • Inverse square law--as light to subject distance doubles, light level is reduced to 1/4 previous level

32. Three point lighting • Key --spotlight -- 35-40° angle • Fill -- flood or spread spot (1/2 of key) • Back--spotlight (1.5-2x the key) • Compare to background • Separation / hair light

33. Silhouette • Vs cameo or limbo (black / white)

34. Side lighting example • A better effect than front lighting (‘sun at your back’)

35. Diffused Lighting

36. Short lighting (side of face that faces the camera is ‘shadow’

37. Broad lighting • side of face toward camera is lit, opposite side is shadow

38. A few other terms • specularity is the size and brightness of a light source on a subject. • Catch lights are the reflections in a subject’s eyes from the key light • Light intensity (or quantity) measured in footcandles or lux • Coherence, often called quality, is the hardness or softness of light.

39. Check your knowledge…next

40. A standard video and filmmaking lighting technique that, for one, helps provide ‘depth’ on the flat screen; also known as formula lighting: • 3-point lighting

41. A lighting technique when shooting a human subject wjere the key light is on the side of the face opposite the same with dim / no lighting on the side of the face facing the camera. • Short lighting

42. A lighting technique where the side of the face facing the camera is lit and the opposite side is dimly lit • Broad lighting

43. The classic controlled-beam spotlight—called ‘the workhorse of studio lighting”____________--we said the beam could be ‘spread’ or ‘pinned’ • fresnel

44. The fixed beam spotlight used for projecting patterns by attaching a cookie tothe front • Leko (or ellipsoidal)

45. A bowl-shaped floodlight, a ‘traditional studio floodlight.’ • scoop

46. The measurement of the levels of reds and blues of white light is referred to as its ____________ temperature • color

47. The measurement of the levels of reds and blues in light is measured in degrees __________ • kelvin

48. Term that refers to the light that comes directly from the light source. • incident

49. ________________ ratio is the range of brightness to darkness in a video picture. • contrast

50. ___________ often called quality, is the hardness or softness of light. • coherence