History Tech Review

1. History Tech Review By Mr. Lewis’ Brilliant Students

2. Current Day Thermometer Thermometer Invented by: Gabriel Fahrenheit Invented in: 1724 • Gabriel also invented the calculations of fahrenheit. • In 1592, Galileo invented a rudimentary water thermoscope, which was the first tool used to measure temperature variations, this measured temperature with floating or sinking bulbs. • The in 1612 they out a numerical scale on the thermometer and it was used to take the temperature of sick patients. Later people discovered both of these creations were not reliable. • For many years after scientists kept experimenting with different substances in the glass tube, for example they tried alcohol which proved to be inaccurate as well. • The first mercury thermometer was invented and proven to work correctly. First Thermometer Rudimentary Water Thermometer

3. Mechanical Clock-1280 • The first mechanical clocks replaced the water clock, which was invented by the greek inventor Ctesibus of Alexandria. • The original design was created by an Italian monk. • It worked by utilizing its two main parts, the mainspring and the pendulum, to tell time using only the energy generated by its springs and weights. • It was wound by a key, which therefore tightened the mainspring and caused the gears to move. • Without mechanical clocks, there would have been no evolution of the clock which led to the modern clocks we have today. The first mechanics of the pedulum clock

4. Mechanical Clock (cont.) • The main purpose was to have all of the monks in the church know that at every hour they had to pray. • This clock was even more accurate than other clocks at the time because it counted the seconds with a swinging pendulum. • It was constructed without a minute hand because the minute hand was not needed in the church. The first mechanical clock.

5. Eyeglasses-1248 • The oldest known lens was found in the ruins of ancient Nineveh (modern Iraq) and was made of polished rock crystal. • The first wearable eyeglasses were developed in Pisa, Italy by Salvino D’Armate. • In the 15th century, eyeglasses were spread East and became a symbol of wisdom and learning. • Without eyeglasses today, many humans would not be able to see images clearly or sharply. The first eyeglasses looked similar to this.

6. The Harpsichord- 1397 • The harpsichord was invented by a man named Hermal Poll who wanted to turn the Keyboard into something that made noise with strings. • It didn’t take a lot of work because he simply took the keyboard shape and added strings to it to make a different sound. • They worked by having metal strings attached to pins at different tensions and when plucked (like a guitar) each produced a note of a different tone or frequency. • Eventually it turned into the modern day piano. FUN FACT!: The difference between the piano and a harpsichord, it that a piano can play noted at different dynamics unlike the harpsichord who plays at a constant dynamic that the player can’t control. The first Harpsichord made noise by strings being plucked like a guitar

7. Piano Inveted by: Bartolomeo Cristofori Invented in: 1709 • The piano, originally known as the gravicembalo col piano e forte (roughly “soft and loud keyboard instrument”) was invented to make an instrument with a better dynamic response then the harpsichord, which could only play very minimal tones. • In order to make a more attractive sound, they used very high quality steel. • In the late 1700s they created an upright piano assembling the strings diagonally. • Pianos have influenced us today because pianos are always played everywhere around the world. • Today we often see grand pianos because of their loud and beautiful sound. Bartolomeo Cristofori Grand Piano Gravicembalo

8. Lightbulb • Invented by Thomas Alva Edison in 1879 • Used lower current electricity, a small carbonized filament, and an improved vacuum inside the globe • Produced a long-lasting source of light that could last for over 1500 hours • Light is a form of energy that is released by atoms and is made up of many small particles called light photons. • There are many forms of the light bulb now: fluorescent, incandescent, and high-intensity discharge • Today we use the lightbulb on many different items such as cars, flashlights, phones, and to provide light in our rooms. • Light Bulbs can also burn out if they are lit for long enough, or if a light is left on for too long

9. Basketball • Invented by James Naismith in 1891 • He was a PE teacher who wanted his students to participate in sports during the winter • It started out as just being a soccer ball thrown into a peach basket, but the game has been drastically changed over the years and is now played professionally all over the world • There are also many techniques in basketball, including shooting, dribbling, passing, and also many positions too, including center, power forward, and small forward positions and consists of two teams with five players each • Part of the Summer Olympics and was first played in them in 1936 • Michael Jordan is one of the most famous basketball players of all time and they are even making shoes named after him

10. Papyrus The Process of Making Paper Completed Ancient Egyptian Paper Papyrus Plant

11. Papyrus (3000-4000 B.C.) • Time consuming and a complicated process. • First you have to harvest the stalk of the plant. • Then you have to strip the outer rind and cut the sticky fibrous inners into strips. • Strips were laid out into two layers( horizontal and vertical). • dried under pressure to make thin, smooth sheets.then many sheets were put together to create a roll. • Papyrus or paper is still used today as a great form of technology and communication. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia_of_history/P/papyrus.html http://www.lib.umich.edu/papyrology-collection/how-ancient-papyrus-was-made

12. Paper Making When the Chinese first started making paper, it was made of hemp waste in water that had been washed, soaked and, with a wooden mallet, beaten down to a pulp Invented in 105 A.D. Invented by Ts’aiLun First paper was made of mulberry tree and bamboo fibers Paper is immensely abundant in today's society This is a man making paper the same way the ancient Chinese would

13. Printing Woodblock printing originated in China Cloth printing- the earliest surviving examples were from before 220 AD in China (Printing designs on clothes) Movable type printing- carving into hot metal to create long lasting letters that were easier to move Block printing was very expensive, and it took an incredibly long time to make. Each carved block could only be used for one specific page of a book. An alchemist named Pi Sheng appeared to have invented the movable Printer. Each piece of movable type had on it one Chinese character which was carved onto a small block. The part that formed the character was as thin as the edge of a very small coin. After it had been hardened by fire, the type had become durable These are some examples of the stamping mechanisms they would use in ancient China

14. 1448: Printing Press • The Printing Press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg • Before the Printing Press was invented the process of making books took a long time and required a lot of work. • Most people would write books by hand • Block printing, carving letters onto wood and then pressing them to a page, was becoming more popular, but it was too expensive for most and also took a lot of work as well • The printing press was designed to be a cheaper process using paper, ink, and press. • The first book printed by the new invention: Gutenberg Bible

15. Concrete Concretis We have the Romans to thank for concrete, one of the most important building materials of the modern world. The Romans made concrete out of a mixture of rubble, lime, sand pozzolana, and volcanic ash. The most famous concrete building is the Pantheon in Rome, a temple dedicated to all of the Roman gods. The Pantheon is the largest unreinforced concrete building in the world, still intact after more than 2,000 years.

16. Which came first? Sandwich: Mayonnaise: • The sandwich was invented in 1762 when a nobleman was hungry but was too busy gambling that he told a waiter to put some roast beef in between two pieces of bread, therefore creating The Almighty Sandwich!!! • Mayonnaise was invented in 1756 when a french chef was making a victory feast with cream and egg sauces. When the chef realized that he had no cream, but instead used olive oil, creating the All Trusty Mayonnaise!!!

17. Electric Battery • Alessandro Volta of Italy created the voltaic pile in 1800, which was one of the first ways of generating electricity. This is were the name Volts comes from. • Using copper, zinc, and cardboard soaked in brine between the metals produced an electric current. This was considered the first “wet cell battery” which gave out a steadycurrent of power. • In our society today we use a modified version of Alessandro’s creation in every electronic device.

18. Battery • Invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800 • Discovered the first practical method of generating electricity • Made of alternating discs of zinc and copper with a cardboard source in the center soaked in brine to create an electric current • The battery is used for almost every type of technology, including the phone, computer, tv, car, watch, remote control toys, and many more • The battery gives technology power that is portable and some forms of technology can operate with more than one battery • There are many types of batteries, including the A, AA, AAA, AAAA, 4.5 volt, A23, 9-volt, CR2032, LR44, D, C, car and watch battery. There are also button-sized and hearing-aid batteries • Batteries can also leak toxic chemicals (or “battery acid”) that are bad to smell and can be harmful to you if you touch or taste them.

19. First Credit Card • In 1950, the diners club was the first company to offer credit cards for customers. • They started off by giving 20 people a diners club card and by the end of the year over 20,000 people were using one. • Frank X. Manara was the inventor of these widely used credit cards. • The inventor thought of this idea while at dinner with some of his friends. He then reached into his pocket for his wallet to pay for the meal and was shocked to find that it wasn’t there. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card

20. Assembly Line • Henry Ford had the idea for the assembly line on December 1, 1913 • To be able to educate men on his idea and get it started, the assembly line took 7 years to perfect • In 1920, the assembly line was in full swing. • It http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line

21. The Toilet • The Toilet has impacted the world today in more than enough ways. People all around the world today use. The flush toilet was invented by Alexander Cummings in the year of 1775. Many people have given Thomas Crapper the credit for inventing the toilet, even when Cummings came up with the first design and patented model. Crapper actually just modified Cumming’s invention to a more successful model which is more efficient. The Flush toilet was originally referred to as the water closet by the French. This is an image of what the toilet would have looked like in the 1700’s. This is the improved model of Cumming’s toilet by Thomas Crapper.

22. Flush Toilet First Flush Toilet Invented by: Alexander Cummings Invented in: 1775 • In 1596, the first flush toilet was built for Queen Elizabeth 1 and was issued to Alexander Cummings much later. • Now that we have flush toilets, infectious diseases have been eliminated immensely because of the disposing human waste. • Alexander invented it to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings, specifically in London. • Based on my knowledge of toilets, I can infer that this helped keep our earth clean and help keep disease out of building and living bodies. Alexander Cummings Queen Elizabeth 1 http:

23. Blood Transfusion Jean-Baptiste Denys- was a French physician who invented the blood transfusion on June 15,1667 He transfused twelve ounces of sheep blood to a 15 year old boy, who had bled with leeches 20 times- the boy survived the procedure He was charged for murder because the 3rd patient died In 1670, the procedure was banned In 1907, The procedure became safe and reliable when the discovery of the 4 blood groups happened

24. Roads and Highways • The Romans had a very sophisticated system of roads and highways for their time period. • They built over 50,000 miles of roads made of brick, stone, granite, and hardened volcanic lava. • Roman highways were used much the same way as our highways today; with stone mile markers and soldiers acting as highway patrol. • These highways were the first step in the path to our highways today. • Roman roads/highways were built around 312 BC. Roman Road Made out of Stone Roman Highway

25. Aqueducts • The aqueduct was an invention first created in 312 B.C. that used gravity to transport water along stone pipes. • The Romans did not develop the first aqueduct, but they perfected the use of it for other purposes, like fountains, public toilets, sewage systems, and public baths. • The Roman aqueducts were so well built that some of them are still in use today, and many newer versions of them exist as well. • Roman aqueducts were built from 312 BC to 226 AD. Roman Aqueduct Stone Pipes

26. Aqueduct Advanced Roman waterway system Running water, indoor plumbing and sewer system carry away disease from the Empire Unsurpassed system until very modern times Built from a combination of stone, brick and special volcanic cement pozzoulana Water flowed into enormous cisterns, which held the water supply for the city. Aqueduct bridge How an aqueduct works

27. The Fire Extinguisher This is what the fire extinguisher looked like and was used by creating (pumping) an air bubble and literally popping it to send the liquid out of the tube that comes out of the bottom. The first ‘successful’ fire extinguisher was invented by Ambrose Godfrey in 1723 The extinguisher worked by igniting a fuse that detonated a charge located in a chamber of liquid that would be sent flying towards the fire. As you know the fire extinguisher was almost a priority in households regarding fire safety. It has impacted the world in many ways today because it puts out fires and has helped in major events like 9/11. This is a picture of the fire extinguisher after use in the early 1700’s

28. Telescope Invented by Galileo Galilei in 1609 The glass lens magnifies 30 times an object. It like a pair of two opera lenses Galileo could see a quarter of the moon without having to reposition his telescope He could see moon craters, sunspots, four large moons of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn

29. Youtube Youtubespot.blogsystem.com Steve Chen, Chad Hurley and Jawed Karim invented Youtube Was made to share original videos worldwide When they sold Youtube to Google the people that took it over got 1.65 billion dollars It was invented in 1998 but it was founded on Feb 14th, 2005 Youtube Video

30. The Band-Aid • Band-Aids were invented by Earle Dickson. • The bandages were invented when Earle’s wife, who was accident prone, kept cutting here fingers on the kitchen knives but the companies bandages were to big for her small fingers. • By 1924 the Band-Aids were produced by machine.

31. Penicillin • Although it was discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming, the use of Penicillin did not begin until 1948. • Penicillin is a mold fungus used to kill disease causing bacteria in the body. • By pumping air into corn steep liquor (non-alcoholic refined corn) and adding other key ingredients, scientists found that they could produce more penicillin at a faster rate. • Penicillin is one the earliest discovered antibiotic agent. This invention influenced our society by curing the sick and influenced modern medicine. Penicillin Compound→

32. ARTIFICALHEART It was first used in April, 1969, and the patient only lived for 112 days. - Invented by Robert Koffler • - Made of plastic and polyester. • - It was connected to a bedside control system about the size of a washing machine. • - As the system evolved it was able to pump at a faster rate and became a more reasonable size.

33. Antiseptics • Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was the inventor of antiseptics, and was inspired to work in medicine from his childhood illnesses. • His ideas opposed the ideas medical community at the time. • He developed the theory of germs and viruses in 1847. • Philipp prescribed washing your hands before you ate. He also stated that taking showers also contributed to the decrease of germs and illness. • He was often criticised for his work, and many medical workers shunned his theories for fear of being proved wrong. • In our modern society we follow his ideas and theories to prevent illness, and to help keep a healthy lifestyle.

35. Post-It Notes • Post-It Notes were invented by Dr. Spencer Silver in 1974 • Post-It Notes were small sheets of paper that had a sticky side and a side that you can write notes and reminders on. • Post-Its effect our world today because we can write down reminders and our thoughts on the small sheet of paper and stick it anywhere you want.

36. Cellular Devices Martin Cooper 1973 Available to the public in 1984 Federal Communications Commission made a regulation that limited the number of calls allowed in an area at a time The mobile phone invention effects our world today because it lets us communicate with others. The mobile phone today is a way to communicate with people and provide entertainment.

37. Matches • A man named Robert Boyle discovered when you rub phosphorus and sulfur together it made fire, that lead to the idea of matches. • Robert made the first match where a piece of paper was covered in phosphorus and armed with sulfur covered wood, when he struck the match against paper it burst into flames. • Joshua Pusey invented book matches in 1889. First pack of matches