National Domestic Violence Awareness Month

1. National Domestic Violence Awareness Month • Washington State University students affiliated with Green Dot are providing campus-wide education • Oct. 20 and 27, full-length training, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., Washington Building G40; register online at http://greendot.wsu.edu

2. National Domestic Violence Awareness Month • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqGVzYA5Zmg

3. National Domestic Violence Awareness Month • Testimony of a young woman • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJ8fz2ID5lQ&feature=related

4. Control theories Social Bond Theory Self-Control Theory

5. Control Theories • Instead of asking what drives people to commit crime, they ask why do most people not commit crime • All of us, beginning at birth, possess the hedonistic drive to act in the kinds of selfish and aggressive ways that lead to criminal behavior.

6. The main question of control theories • Temptation is before us all but why do only some of us give in to temptation?

7. Strain/learning theories Control theories Controls (or restraints against delinquency/crime) Comparison Strain Social learning of crime

8. “My parents raised me to respect the law” “I do not want to upset my parents” “I know what is right and what is wrong” “I am afraid of being caught” “I worry about my reputation” Controls (or restraints against delinquency) What are controls/restrains?

9. Control Theories: Main focus • Focus on restraining or "controlling" factors that are broken or missing • Control theories investigate the ways in which our behavior is regulated by influences of family, school, morals, values, beliefs, etc.

10. Types of Control • Direct control • Indirect control • Belief • Self-control (Internal control)

11. Direct Control • Setting rules • Monitoring behavior • Sanctioning delinquency • Reinforcing conventional behavior

12. Setting rules • Mostly done by parents, teachers, and schools

13. Monitoring behavior • Someone is watching and sanctioning Very high levels of monitoring and over strict parents may be ineffective and sometimes, they may even increase delinquency (perhaps for reasons related to strain theory)

14. Sanctioning delinquency • Parents, teachers, police, courts, correctional agencies

15. Teen Arrested For Texting In Class • WAUWATOSA- A 14-year old girl was arrested for texting in class. • The teacher told to stop, but the teen kept at it. The teacher called the school's police officer. • The officer demanded the phone, and the teen hid it down in her pants and denied having a cell phone. • She was arrested for disorderly conduct for disrupting class, disobeying the teacher, and lying to the officer about having a phone. • Not only was she arrested and forced to appear in court, she ended up with a $300 bail and she was suspended for a week

16. James Davis, 19 arrested for wrapping cat in duct tape (Philadelphia) • A teenager wrapped a cat in duct tape and left it in a neighbor's backyard • A teen was arrested on animal cruelty charges • He faces up to two years in prison and a minimum $1,000 fine if convicted.

17. Teen arrested in rape and murder of 8-month-old (New Orleans) • A 17-year-old Arnold T. Ross was arrested on charges of aggravated rape and first-degree murder of an 8-month-old child • The death was initially unclassified, but the coroner's office later reported it as a homicide after an autopsy of the child's body revealed multiple fractures consistent with a beating and tears in the anus

18. Social Bond TheoryTravis Hirschi • Social Control Theory • Causes of Delinquency (1969) • Social Bond Theory- Delinquent acts result when an individual's bonds to society are weak or broken • Attachment • Commitment • Involvement • Belief

19. Social Bond TheoryTravis Hirschi • Attachment refers to the level of psychological affection one has for prosocial others and institutions. • For Hirschi, parents and schools were of critical importance in this regard.

20. Social Bond TheoryTravis Hirschi • Commitment involves the time, energy, and effort expended in conventional lines of action, such as getting an education and saving money for the future. • In essence, Hirschi noted that people are less likely to misbehave when they know that they have something to lose.

21. Social Bond TheoryTravis Hirschi • Heavy involvement in conventional activities leaves little time for illegal behavior

22. Social Bond TheoryTravis Hirschi • Belief refers to the degree to which one adheres to the values associated with behaviors that conform to the law • Youths who, for example, share the belief that using illegal narcotics is wrong are less likely to participate in such behavior.

23. Social Bond TheoryTravis Hirschi • Perhaps the most significant element of Hirschi’s theory is that, taken together, these social bonds coalesce in a way that controls our behavior indirectly—that is, we do not need to have these bonds directly present in our lives to keep our behavior in check.

25. Empirical validity of the theory • Theory suggests that attachment to parents (even delinquent ones) and friends (even delinquent ones) would decrease delinquency • Research has shown the opposite

26. Self-control theory • Hirschi collaborated with Gottfredson (1990) to develop the theory with the only one type of control – self-control • They did not clarify how their self-control theory relates to Hirschi’s social bond theory

27. Self-control theory • Theory states that individuals with high self-control will be less likely at all periods of life to engage in criminal acts, while individuals with low self-control are likely to commit crimes

28. Elements of low self-control • People with low self-control have a “here and now” orientation and are unable or unwilling to delay gratification • Criminal acts are exciting, risky, and thrilling • People lacking self-control tend to be adventuresome, active, and physical • Those with high levels of self-control tend to be cautious, cognitive, and verbal

29. Determinants of Low Self-Control • Low self-control is produced in families: 1) where there is little attachment between parent and child 2) where parents fail to recognize deviant behavior (for example, in cases where parents are also deviant), 3) where parents recognize deviant behavior but fail to correct it

30. Self-control • Once formed in childhood, the amount of self-control remain relatively stable throughout life • Family is the most important agent • Peer groups are relatively unimportant in the development of self-control

31. Crime Rate Variations? • Why do people commit less crime as they age? • Why are some regions are more crime prone than others? • Why are some groups are more crime prone than others? • Does that mean there are between-group differences in self-control?

32. Age-crime relationship 8-9 years 15-24 years 45-55 years