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1 Sounding the Deep

Delve into the historical milestones, technological advancements, and hypothesis testing in marine biology. From Aristotle to modern deep-diving submarines, discover the intriguing world beneath the ocean's surface.

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1 Sounding the Deep

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  1. 1 Sounding the Deep Notes for Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology By Jeffrey S. Levinton

  2. Marine Biology-components • Functional Biology - How an organism carries out basic functions, e.g., reproduction • Ecology - Factors involved in distribution and abundance of organisms • Biodiversity - Controls on the number of species

  3. Historical Background • Aristotle (384-327 B.C.) and peers - Birth of natural history observation • Linnaeus (1707-1778) - First systematic classification, identification of species • Georges Cuvier (1769 -1832) - Generalized classification of animals

  4. Historical background • 19th century - Important time for development of marine biology • Edward Forbes (1815-1854) - Beacon sailed on Mediterranean, developed Azoic theory (no life deeper than 300 f = 1800 feet), first marine scientific hypothesis! • Michael Sars, 1850, disproved the Azoic theory

  5. Historical background • Charles Darwin (1809-1881) - Voyage of the Beagle, circumnavigated world, theory of coral reef subsidence (drilling in Enewetak partially confirmed hypothesis), barnacle classification • W.B. Carpenter and C. Wyville Thomson - Started large oceanogr. Cruises, Lightning, also falsified the Azoic theory

  6. Historic Background 4 • H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876), led by Wyville Thomson and John Murray, all seas but Arctic [F] • Challenger - tested Haeckel’s Bathybius theory (primordial slime), disproven • Other late 19th century voyages, including ones by Prince Albert I of Monaco, who founded Oceanographic Institute, later led by Jacques Cousteau

  7. Historical Background 5 • 20th century - Founding of Scripps Inst. Of Oceanography (1903), Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. (1930) - led to American superiority in ocean science • Late 19th century to 20th century: Founding of numerous marine stations (e.g., Naples, Friday Harbor Labs, Washington);

  8. Historical Background 6 • 20th century - advances in technology, especially in vessels • Deep-diving submarines, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) • Navigation and deep-water sampling • SCUBA diving • Ocean observatories, permanent stations connected to shore with optical cable

  9. Knorr, Research ship of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

  10. Alvin, deep-diving submersible, ported in Woods Hole, MA

  11. Ventana, an ROV used by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

  12. Ocean Observatory scheme for Monterey Bay

  13. Hypothesis Testing • Science involves devising questions that are later explored by tests of hypotheses • What are hypotheses? Statements that are subject to testing. • What is a test? This is a difficult subject. But if you state a hypothesis and its prediction turns out to be wrong, the hypothesis is falsified.

  14. Hypothesis Testing • A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested: • Which of the following are testable: • Temperature increases the rate of oxygen consumption of crabs. • Mermaids can never be observed but they exist.

  15. Hypothesis Testing • What is a test? Experiments preferred but distributional tests may be the only way to study certain things. • Experiment or distribution? • 1. Crabs fail to see in the red end of the visible spectrum • 2. Diversity declines near a power plant

  16. Null Hypothesis and Field Experiments • Null hypothesis: There is no difference in predation rate on the lower and upper shore Objective of Experiment: Is predation more intense on the lower shore, where we believe predators are more common, than on the upper shore?

  17. Vertical rock face on a rocky shore of British Columbia, Canada. Note seastars below mussels

  18. Rocky shore predators

  19. FIELD EXPERIMENT ON PREDATION HIGH Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage LOW Caging experiment, showing fully caged experimental condition, with three types of controls - BARNACLE OR MUSSEL LARVAE CAN ENTER CAGES, PREDATORS CANNOT GET IN FROM SIDE Place on upper shore and lower shore

  20. Low Hi = high density = low barnacle or mussel density HIGH Hi Hi Hi Hi Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage Hi Hi Low Low Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage LOW Caging experiment, showing fully caged experimental condition, with three types of controls Place on upper shore and lower shore

  21. Low Hi = high density = low barnacle density HIGH Hi Hi Hi Hi Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage Hi Hi Uncaged Fully caged Top-only cage Side-only cage LOW Starfish got into uncaged and top-only treatment

  22. Life Habits of Marine Organisms

  23. Depth-Habitat Terms Intertidal vs. Subtidal Continental shelf = Neritic vs. Oceanic = Pelagic Epipelagic = Pelagic environments, 0-200 m depth Mesopelagic = 200 - 1000 m depth Bathyal = 1000 - 4000 m depth Abyssal = 4000 - 6000 m depth Hadal = trenches = > 6000 m depth

  24. The End

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