The Dark Ages

1. The Dark Ages http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsHSbBxjAOk

2. The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - England William The Conqueror – Through war he attained the crown of England. Extended firm control – Domesday Book - Census Granted fiefs to the Church and Lords Built several castles Required allegiance from all serfs Created a Treasury (Royal Exchequer) Tax System Legal and Financial Codes

3. The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - England Henry II – Inherited the throne – energetic and well educated Used customs and traditions to broaden power Created a Common Law, Early Jury System, and a Royal Law code Conflict with Thomas Becket over trying members of the clergy in court – Archbishop was eventually murdered Becket was honored as a martyr and later declared a saint.

4. The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - England John – son of Henry, greedy, cruel, many enemies King Philip II of France – lost land after a war Pope Innocent III – John rejects Pope’s selection for Archbishop, Innocent excommunicates him and place England under a interdict, forced to accept England as a fief of the papacy and pay a yearly fine Nobles – due to high taxes/abuses of power, Nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta: recognized legal rights provided due process no taxation without representation monarch must obey the law

6. The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - England Edward I – Used Parliament for their own gain (advice, $$) Parliament used the principles of Checks & Balances, and representative government Two houses of Parliament House of Lords – nobles and high clergy House of Commons – knights and middle class Power of the purse

8. The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - France Hugh Capet (Capetians) – Chosen by the Nobles because he was weak Gained a massive amount of power by making the throne hereditary, acquiring lands by playing nobles against each other, won support of the Church, created an effective bureaucracy, imposed taxes, created a Royal Law Code, gained backing of the middle class

9. The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - France Philip Augustus (Philip II) – shrewd and able ruler Appointed and paid middle class officials who were loyal to him Granted many charters to towns Organized a standing army Created a national tax Gained extra land and support of the Church by defeating heretics in what is called the Albigensian Crusade

10. The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - France Louis IX – Beloved ruler, very religious, declared a saint Persecuted heretics Expanded the court system Outlawed private wars Uses a system of checks and balances on local officials Ended serfdom Created a strong centralized monarchy Heard trials himself

11. The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 - France Philip IV – grandson of Saint Louis Ruthless ruler Raised and collected new taxes from the clergy Angered the Church and nobles Clash with Pope Boniface VIII – Pope dies in an assault and the Papal Court was moved to Avignon which allowed future French rulers to control religion within the kingdom Established the EstatesGeneral – clergy, nobles, and townspeople

12. The Holy Roman Empire and The Church Conflict # 1 – Duke Otto I vs. The Church  Closely worked with the Church – Helped out the Church in conflict Given title Emperor*(added Holy Roman) Too involved in Church affairs Desired the wealth of Italy Conflict over appointments of Church officials Results: Cluniac Reforms – Separate the two powers

13. The Holy Roman Empire and The Church Conflict # 2 – Pope Gregory vs. Henry IV  Pope Gregory was reforming the Church and hated by monarchs Separated the Church and secular Banned Lay Investiture – Major point of conflict Results: Henry IV was excommunicated and the land faced an interdict Concordat of Worms - only the Church had the power to elect officials

14. The Holy Roman Empire and The Church Conflict # 3 – Frederick I & Frederick II vs. many Popes Both had desires to conquer the wealthy cities of Italy and Sicily Frederick II – well educated and determined Results: unsuccessful clashes with popes – nobles at home gain too much power – split the German Empire into smaller feudal states

15. The Holy Roman Empire and The Church Conflict # 4 – Pope Innocent III vs. Everyone During his reign, the church was at the height of power Clashed with many emperors and won Excommunicated John and Philip II Led a brutal crusade with Philip II to defeat the Albigensians

16. The Holy Roman Empire and The Church Conflict # 5 – Philip IV vs. Pope Boniface VIII Philip IV successfully challenged and killed the Pope Moved the Papal Court to Avignon

17. Causes and Effects – The Crusades Primary Causes 1050’S – Seljuk Turks invaded Byzantine Empire and took over lands. Emperor Alexius I sends a message to Pope Urban II requesting help. Secondary Causes Religion – Council of Clermont – Pope rallies people to prepare for a “Holy War.” Wealth & land – Increase Church/King power Escape troubles, adventure, outlet for growing population Heal split between the Roman & Byzantine Church

18. Causes and Effects – The Crusades Major Effects 1ST Crusade – onlyvictory, Christians capture Palestine in 1099 and massacred many Muslims-the land was divided into 4 parts. Saladin – recaptures it in 1187. 3RD Crusade failed. 4TH Crusade – Christians fought each other over wealth and land. Muslims defeated them at Acre in 1291. Increased trade, increased Papal and Feudal Kings power – Taxes Money economy – undermined serfdom Cultural Diffusion – Marco Polo

19. Causes and Effects – The Crusades Major Effects – Commercial Revolution - $$ Age of Exploration Reconquista – Slowly drive Muslims from Spain Ferdinand & Isabella desired ONE unified state Defeated Muslim forces in Granada Ended the policy of religious toleration – Inquisition Legacy of religious hatred as Jews, Muslims and other were persecuted for heresy

20. The Reconquista of Spain

21. The Upper Middle Ages - New Learning Need for education expanded – Better Clergy, Businesses, Jobs, Etc. Academic Guilds led to the 1st Universities (Salerno, Bologna, Paris, Oxford); Very strict standards and academic training. Women were not allowed to attend – Exception Christine de Pizan (City of Ladies)  The knowledge of Ancient Greece spread to Europe via Muslim traders and later translated from Arabic to Latin. Faced with a challenge of dealing with Reason and Faith – Scholasticism Use of reason to support Christian beliefs Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologica

22. The Upper Middle Ages – Art & Architecture Romanesque – thick walls and towers, minimal windows, dark and gloomy Gothic – flying buttresses, high walls, stained-glass windows Stained-glass Carved sculptures Illumination or artistic decoration of books – color and detail

27. The Upper Middle Ages – Science & Math No real progress in either discipline. Relied on the achievements of Greek and Muslim thinkers. Conflict between knowledge and Church teachings – Relied on the Church too much. Eventually replaced Roman numerals with Arabic numerals.

28. The Upper Middle Ages – Medieval Literature Writing in the Vernacular Use of Epics – feudal warriors, battles, common people, spirit of the time Poem of the Cid – battle against Muslims in Spain Divine Comedy – Dante – Humor, tragedy, quest for understanding, summary of Christian ethics Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales

29. The Upper Middle Ages – A Time of Crisis Approximately 1347 – By 1348, the Bubonic Plague reached Spain and France. Due to unsanitary conditions, the disease had the potential to kill millions. The process was agonizing. People were confused because they did not understand its origins or preventative medical treatment – Many viewed it as God’s punishment Production down - Wages high Land was converted to raising sheep. Riots

30. The Upper Middle Ages – A Time of Crisis 1300’S-EARLY 1400’S - Black death –Crisis, scandal, and division  Lacked strong leadership  Babylonian Captivity  Lavish life-styles  Multiple Pope’s John Wycliffe– translated the Bible to English and claimed it was the source of truth. Jan Hus (Hussites) - tried for heresy and burned.

31. The Upper Middle Ages – A Time of Crisis 1337 – 1453 Fought between England & France England wanted to hold onto lands in France. French kings wanted to extend power. Edward III claims French crown – war erupts. England was winning – used new weapons such as the longbow. Joan of Arc – sent by God to crush the English – led French to many victories; Caught and burned at the stake. French took the offensive with help from the cannon.