Chapter 15: Introduction to the Region

2. Chapter 15: Introduction to the Region • Carnaval – Brazilian festival • Huasteca - an ensemble that features the sweet falsetto tones of a male singer accompanied by two guitars (in different sizes) and a lively violin • syncretism—the fusion of cultures that takes place when different ethnic groups meet

3. Chapter 15: Introduction to the Region • Geography • Latin America describes South America and those parts of the Americas colonized by the Spanish and the Portuguese, including Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean • Spanish is the principal language • Latin America is unified by language and religion (Roman Catholic Christianity)

4. Chapter 15: Elements of Traditional Latin American Music • Criollos – Latin American people or music of European descent • Mestizos – Latin American people or music of mixed heritage

5. Chapter 15: Elements of Traditional Latin American Music • The following are some of the distinctive characteristics: • Use of Harmony • Parallel Thirds • Paired Phrases • Distinctive Dance Rhythms • Rhythm Guitar

6. Chapter 15: Elements of Traditional Latin American Music • Latin American Dance Rhythms • Habañera – Spanish/Latin American dance rhythm • The basic habañera rhythm can be varied in many ways as seen here: • Sesquialtera – Latin American dance rhythm

7. Chapter 15: Elements of Traditional Latin American Music • Latin American Dance Rhythms

8. Chapter 15: Elements of Traditional Latin American Music Chapter 58: Characteristics of Traditional Latin American Music • Harmony • Harmony has long been one of the central European elements in Latin American folk and popular music • Counterpoint - ways to control simultaneous melodies • harmonic progressions - the particular successions of chords

9. Chapter 15: Elements of Traditional Latin American Music Chapter 58: Characteristics of Traditional Latin American Music • Latin American Musical Instruments • Guitar • European chordophone that has had the greatest influence • It exists in almost uncountable forms throughout the region: • with two to twelve strings • from very large bass instruments to tiny treble ones • played with vigorous strumming or by plucking single notes

10. Chapter 15: Music in Mexico • Many sources indicate that music was an integral part of the Aztec religious rituals • all traces of Aztec religion (and hence religious music) that the Europeans could find they destroyed • missionaries began to teach music to the Aztecs • These priests were astonished at the musical aptitude of the Aztecs, who readily adopted Spanish church and folk music • Autos – folk religious dramas

11. Chapter 15: Music in Mexico • The Son and Other Mestizo Forms • Son – Mexican instrumental music • refer to a wide variety of different song and dance types • all usually use the sesquialtera (juxtaposition of simple triple and compound duple meters), strumming guitars, and a fast stamping couple dance known as the zapateado • Coplas – Spanish poetic form with paired lines

12. Chapter 15: Music in Mexico • Folk Bands in Mexico • Conjunto - a generic term for folk band in Mexico • regions are known for their own types of bands, each with its own music, singing style, instrumentation, and traditional dress: • Chilena • Huapango • Mariachi • Jarocho

13. Chapter 15: Music in Mexico • A Performance of a Son Jarocho • zapateados—stamping, boot-tapping dances • The core jarocho ensemble is made up of three instruments: • jarana - a five-course guitar slightly smaller than the Spanish guitar • requinto - a small guitar • arpa - a diatonically tuned harp • maniqueos or rasqueado - patterns of up and down strums

14. Chapter 15: Music in Mexico • Conjunto • one of the most popular types of Mexican music, not only in Mexico, but especially in the Southwest United States • bajo sexto – Mexican bass guitar • Canciones revolucionarias – Mexican folksongs from revolutionary period

15. Chapter 15: Music in Mexico • Art Music in Mexico • Mexico has one of the richest legacies of art music from the colonial period in Latin America • Important cathedrals and music schools were established at Mexico City, Puebla, Morelia, and elsewhere • Zarzuelas - a type of operetta

16. Chapter 15: Music in Brazil • Every year around February, the streets of Brazilian cities give way to an invasion of • tourists • sidewalk food • seas of neighborhood dancers • the thunderous sounds of the most famous of Brazil’s many musical traditions—the carnaval • samba schools – Brazilian dance schools • Bateria - samba band

17. Chapter 15: Music in Brazil • The Afro-Brazilian Heritage • Brazil is the largest country in Latin America • the only one to have been colonized primarily by the Portuguese rather than the Spanish • African slaves were first introduced in 1538 • many of these slaves retained African languages and cultural elements of African ethnic groups • Batuque – Afro-Brazilian dance

18. Chapter 15: Music in Brazil • The Afro-Brazilian Heritage • Capoiera - a stylized martial art dance • Berimbau - a musical bow tapped with a stick and equipped with a half-gourd resonator • Atabaque - a tall drum • Agogo - double iron bell • le, rumpi, and rum - a set of three conical or barrel-shaped drums from smallest to largest

19. Chapter 15: Music in Brazil • The Samba • Lundu – Afro-Brazilian dance • Choros - bands of street musicians • Maxixe - a highly syncopated Brazilian dance from the early twentieth century • blocos afro – Afro-Brazilian percussion groups

20. Chapter 15: Music in Brazil • MPB— Música Popular Brasileira • Brazilian popular music • Influenced by bossa nova • remained widely popular through the end of the military dictatorship in 1985

21. Chapter 15: Music in Brazil • Art Music in Brazil • professional music directors at the large Catholic cathedrals wrote the first art music in Brazil • One of the best of these composers was José Mauricio Nuñes Garcia (1767–1830) • By the middle of the nineteenth century, the theater replaced the church as the primary patron of art music • Modhina – Brazilian traditional lyrical song • The most famous of Brazil’s composers was Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959)

22. Chapter 15: Music in Andean Countries • Kena - notch flute • Bomba – bass drum • Charango - small guitar popular in many regions • Huayno - a lively duple meter dance with a characteristic long-short-short rhythm, often played on a bomba • Chicha - a style combining the Colombian cumbia, Cuban percussion, and North American rock with the local huayno • Cajón - an open wooden box that a drummer sits on and plays with his or her hands