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Organisasi dan arsitektur komputer

Organisasi dan arsitektur komputer. TM 2. Daftar Pustaka. Bab 1. Daftar Pustaka. Bab 2. TIK. Peserta MK Arsikom dapat menjelaskan definisi CPU Time dengan 90% benar . Peserta MK Arsikom dapat menjelaskan cara mengurangi CPU Time dengan 90% benar .

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Organisasi dan arsitektur komputer

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  1. Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer Organisasidanarsitekturkomputer TM 2

  2. DaftarPustaka • Bab 1 Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  3. DaftarPustaka • Bab 2 Organisasi & ArsitekturKomputer

  4. TIK • Peserta MK Arsikomdapatmenjelaskandefinisi CPU Time dengan 90% benar. • Peserta MK Arsikomdapatmenjelaskancaramengurangi CPU Time dengan 90% benar. • Peserta MK Arsikomdapatmenghitung CPU time sebuahfungsidengan 90% benar. Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  5. PokokBahasan • CPU time Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  6. Architectural Development & Styles • DesainerKomputerberusahameningkatkankinerjakomputer (mengurangi "kesenjangansemantik“ antara high level vs low level) • Adanyakerumitanuntukmembuatsebuahmesinharusdiprogramuntukdapatmengkonversikan data (lambang) menjadikode-kodebiner • A (latin capital letter A) = 0041H (ASCII) Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  7. Architectural Development & Styles • Banyaknya mode pengalamatan (>20 mesin VAX) menambahkompleksitasinstruksi • MisalmesinCISC • Intel PentiumTM Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  8. Architectural Development & Styles • Perlu strategi untuk mempercepatkinerja mesin • Misal nya meningkatkan kecepatan clock • Efek stunami : meningkatkan kompleksitasperhitungandalamsatu siklus clock. • Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 80% instruksi dari sebuah program berisi : • assignment statements (50%), • conditional branching , dan • procedure calls. Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  9. Architectural Development & Styles • [Optimasiarsitektur] : mempercepatinstruksi yang seringdigunakandapatmengurangikompleksitasinstruksidanjumlah mode pengalamatan. • Misal : mesinRISC (Reduced Instructions Set Computers) Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  10. PERFORMANCE MEASURES • CC (Clock Cycle) menyatakanjumlahsiklus clock sebuah CPU yang digunakanuntukmenyeleseikansebuahtugas, • CT (Cycle Time) menyatakanwaktu yang dibutuhkan 1 clock atau f (CPU Speed). Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  11. PERFORMANCE MEASURES • CPI (jumlah rata-rata clock cycle per instruksi) dapatdihitung : • Persamaan CPU time menjadi : Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  12. PERFORMANCE MEASURES • It is known that the instruction set of a given machine consists of a number of instruction categories: ALU (simple assignment and arithmetic and logic instructions), load, store, branch, and so on. • where Ii is the number of times an instruction of type i is executed in the program and CPIi is the average number of clock cycles needed to execute such instruction. Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  13. PERFORMANCE MEASURES • Example : Hitung CPI untukMesin A yang mempunyai clock rate 200 MHz • CR = 200 MHz • CT = 5 nS Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  14. PERFORMANCE MEASURES • Example : Mesin A mengerjakanX denganinstruksi Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  15. PERFORMANCE MEASURES • JikaMesin A mengerjakan program X menggunakan 100 instructions, maka CPI mesin A[X] adalah : • It should be noted that the CPI reflects the organization and the ISA (instruction set architecture) of the processor while the instruction count reflects the instruction set architecture and compiler technology used. Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  16. PERFORMANCE MEASURES Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

  17. What time to measure? • Elapsed time, wall-clock time: • actual time from start to completion • depends on CPU, system, I/O, etc. • often used in real benchmarks • only suitable choice when I/O is included

  18. What time to measure? • CPU Time: • measure/analyze CPU performance only • may be suitable when machine is timeshared • possibly both user and system component • User CPU time is our focus for first part of course

  19. What time to measure? • Elapsed time = CPU time + Idle time • usually and assuming time is accurately accounted for

  20. Application Programming Language Compiler Metrics ofperformance • Different performance metrics are appropriate at different levels: Frames per second Operations per second (millions) of Instructions per second – MIPS (millions) of (F.P.) operations per second – MFLOP/s ISA Cycles per second (clock rate) Cycles per Instruction Datapath Control Function Units Transistors

  21. Relating Processor Metrics • CPU execution time per program = CPU clock cycles/program X Clock cycle time = CPU clock cycles/program ÷ Clock rate (frequency) • CPU clock cycles/program = Instructions/program X Clock cycles Per Instruction • Clock cycles Per Instruction (CPI) is an average measurement, it depends on : • ISA, the implementation, and the program measured • CPI = CPU clock cycles/program ÷ Instructions/program • Also, Instructions per clock cycle or IPC = 1 / CPI • CPU execution time = Instructions X CPI X Clock cycle

  22. How much work can our structure perform? • For a program Q: • Time = Number of executed instr * Number of cycles per instr * Time per cycle • T = Nq * CPI * Tc

  23. How to reduce T? • T = Nq * CPI * Tc • Make this a function of the instruction • CPI goes up, but we can use an average, not the worst case • Tc goes down, time to do the longes step, not the entire instruction

  24. CPU time ---- • CPI < 1 [RISC danpipeling] • Branch Prediction • Modular • Terstruktur Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer

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