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Emphysema

Emphysema. SS. Definition . Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease where there is over inflation of the air sac (alveoli) in the lungs causing a decrease in lung function. Classified as a Chronic O bstructive P ulmonary Disease. (COPD).

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Emphysema

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  1. Emphysema SS

  2. Definition • Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease where there is over inflation of the air sac (alveoli) in the lungs causing a decrease in lung function. Classified as a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. (COPD) http://www.beliefnet.com/healthandhealing/images/si55551556_ma.jpg

  3. When we breathe air travels into the nose and mouth. It moves down to the windpipe (trachea) which branches off into two large tubes called the bronchi. • It divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles. • The bronchioles end in many small sacs called alveoli. The oxygen passes into the blood in the alveoli. The blood becomes oxygen to cells. • In smokers the walls that separate the alveoli from each other break down. There becomes less alveoli so less oxygen can pass through the air sacs to the blood. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_FO1L9fcq4SI/TOK6Zx_R1KI/AAAAAAAAAXI/US9od8JP-uU/s1600/Lungs_and_alveoli.gif

  4. Causes • Smoking • Inherited Alpha 1-antitryspin deficiency • Air Pollution • Connective tissue disorder • Immune deficiency syndromes such as HIV http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/large/smoking-and-copd-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disorder.jpg

  5. Risk Factors • Smokers (15 to 20 percent of smokers get emphysema) • Exposure to long term second hand smoke • Family history of Emphysema • History of frequent childhood lung infections • Exposure to pollutants at work • Older Age • Males (are affected more than women)

  6. History • In the late 1990s males were considered more likely to get emphysema but as more women began smoking the number of women with the disease have also increased http://www.marvelous-girl.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/woman-smoking-quit.jpg

  7. Effects / Symptoms • Early stages there are barely any symptoms (gets worse over time) • Trouble breathing • Coughing • Difficulty sleeping • Morning headaches • Difficulty breathing while lying down • Chronic fatigue • swelling of the feet, ankles or legs • Wheezing http://www.fitnessgoop.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/chronic-fatigue-syndrome_article1.jpg

  8. Repeated infections of lungs or bronchial tubes • Barrel-chest • Chewing and swallowing may be difficult • Discomfort after eating (because the lungs expand and push the diaphragm into the stomach) • Loss of appetite and weight loss • Cyanosis may occur (blue skin, lips, under fingernails) this happens due to the lack of oxygen • Loss of elasticity in the lungs and presence of mucus in the airways • May develop large holes in the lung tissues and large air bubbles called bullae on the lung surface (Coughing may burst the air bubbles and release air into the chest. It may cause the lung to collapse. The patient will need an immediate operation to remove the air)

  9. Emphysema can also affect the heart. The heart must pump much harder to force blood through the lungs and pump a greater amount of blood when the person in exercising to deliver enough oxygen. In time the heart can become strained and begin to fail. http://www.after50health.com/images/image041.jpg http://www.healthcentral.com/common/images/1/19589_6077_5.jpg http://www.buzzle.com/img/articleImages/423805-14126-39.jpg http://www.after50health.com/images/image041.jpg

  10. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/1142.jpghttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/1142.jpg Diagnosis • Check patients background and medical history • Physical Examination • Pulmonary Function test • Chest x-rays • CT Scans • Blood tests • Lung function tests (such as spirometer) • Sputum culture • Electrocardiogram may be conducted http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9945.jpg http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/1135.jpg

  11. http://kirstyne.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/girl1.gif Self-help Procedures • Avoid any exposure to dust and fumes • Avoid air pollution • Avoid other smokers • Avoid people who have infections like the cold or the flu • Get a pneumonia vaccine and a yearly flu shot • Drink plenty of water • Avoid extreme temperatures of heat or cold • Maintaining adequate nutritional intake

  12. Treatments • Cannot be cured • Cannot reverse damage to lungs • Quit smoking • Home oxygen therapy • Medications such as Bronchodilators, Corticosteroids, antibiotics, and expectorants • Surgical treatments such as lung volume reduction or lung transplant • Counselling for depression, anxiety, and other emotional problems • Weight loss can be reduced by frequent high energy meals • Mild exercising • Breathing techniques

  13. Complications/ Possible Outcomes • Lung Infections (such as pneumonia) • Lung Failure • Anxiety • Panic Disorder • Depression • Congestive Heart Failure • pulmonary hypertension

  14. Future outlook • A recent article published in the International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease written by Richard Russell, Antonio Anzueto and IdelleWeismanstates that “the goals of therapy for COPD are no longer confined to controlling symptoms, reducing exacerbations, and maintaining quality of life.” Researchers have been examining the latest understandings of COPD to look for a long-term treatment.

  15. Research • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a new drug to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) called Roflumilast, which will go by the name Daliresp • Researchers from Brazil, New Zealand and the United Kingdom conducted a test to determine the effectiveness of the Respimat inhaler compared to other handheld inhaler devices.  • The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) discovered that the exposure to coal dust is directly linked to the severity of emphysema in both smokers and nonsmokers

  16. References • Cavendish. M. (2005). Emphysema. In Encyclopedia of Family Health (Volume 4, 563-564). Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. • Griffith, W.H.G. (2006). Complete Guide to symptoms, Illness & Surgery: Emphysema. New York, New York: Penguin Group. • “Emphysema.” Deanna M. Swartout-Corbeil, R.N. The Gale Encyclopedia of Senior health: A Guide for seniors and their Caregivers. Ed. Jacqueline L. Longe. Detroit: Gale, 2009. 5 vols. • “EMPHYSEMA.” SICK! Disease and Disorders, Injuries and Infections. Online Edition. Detroit. U*X*L, 2008. • NYU Langore Medical Center. (2009). Emphysema. Retrieved April 14, 2011, from http://www.medicine.med.nyu.edu/pulmoary/noce/665 • National Emphysema Foundation. (2011). Latest News. Retrieved May 06, 2011, from http://www.emphysemafoundation.org

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