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EVOLUTION OF SDH TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION OF SDH TECHNOLOGY. PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (PDH). PULSE CODE MODULATION. Voice Frequency ranges upto 4 Khz Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz (Double the Max. Frequency) 8 bits per sample Digital Bit Rate: 8Khz X 8 = 64 Khz. BUILDING UP THE BASE STREAM (2MB).

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EVOLUTION OF SDH TECHNOLOGY

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  1. EVOLUTION OF SDH TECHNOLOGY

  2. PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY(PDH)

  3. PULSE CODE MODULATION • Voice Frequency ranges upto 4 Khz • Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz (Double the Max. Frequency) • 8 bits per sample • Digital Bit Rate: 8Khz X 8 = 64 Khz

  4. BUILDING UP THE BASE STREAM (2MB) • 30 Voice Channels @ 64 Khz • One channel for Frame (64 K) • One channel for Signaling (64 K) • Total number of Channels = 32 • Bit Rate: 32 X 64 K= 2048 Khz (2Mb)

  5. PDH BIT RATES • E1-2048 Kbps (2Mb) [30 Voice Channel] • E2-8448 Kbps (8Mb) [120 Voice Channel] • E3-34368 Kbps (34Mb) [480 Voice Channel] • E4-139264 Kbps (140Mb) [1920 Voice Channel]

  6. PDH HIERARCHY

  7. PDH PRODUCTS MULTIPLEXERS: • M12 MUX:4E1 Streams Multiplexed to One E2 • M23 MUX:4E2 Streams Multiplexed to One E3 • M34 MUX:4E3 Streams Multiplexed to One E4

  8. PDH PRODUCTS Contd…… OPTICAL: • OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (OLTE)-8Mb, 34Mb, 140Mb. • OPTICAL REGENERATOR EQUIPMENT- 34 Mb,140Mb. OPTIMUX: • SINGLE SHELF CONTAINS BOTH MUX AND OLTE

  9. ITU RECOMMENDATIONS - PDH • G.701 Vocabulary of digital transmission and multiplexing, and pulse code modulation (PCM) terms   • G.702 Digital hierarchy bit rates   • G.703 Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces   • G.704 Synchronous frame structures used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8448 and 44 736 kbit/s hierarchical levels   • G.705 Characteristics of plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) equipment functional blocks   • G.706 Frame alignment and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) procedures relating to basic frame structures defined in Recommendation G.704

  10. LIMITATIONS IN PDH • Different Standards • Systems operates in its own Clock • Proprietary Coding Mechanisms Making Inter-Operas Ability of System Between Different Vendors • Not Transparent • Protection Schemes are not available • Ring, Hub Configuration not possible

  11. SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY(SDH)

  12. WHY SDH? • High Transmission Rates • Simplified Add & Drop Function • High Availability and Capacity Matching • Reliability • Future Proof Platform for New Services • Interconnection

  13. SYNCHRONOUS NETWORK COMPONENTS

  14. SYNCHRONOUS NETWORK Contd… • Regenerators • Terminal Multiplexers • Add-drop Multiplexers • Digital X-Connect • Network Management System

  15. SDH/ SONET BIT RATES

  16. MAPPING OF PDH SIGNAL INTO SDH SIGNAL

  17. MAPPING OF PDH SIGNAL INTO SDH SIGNAL Contd..

  18. CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY

  19. CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY • Primary Reference Clock (PRC) Accuracy : 1 x 10-11 ppm • Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU) Accuracy : 1 x 10-9 ppm • Synchronisation Equipment Clock (SEC) Accuracy : 4.6 x 10-6 ppm

  20. AUTOMATIC PROTECTION SWITCHING(APS) • LINEAR PROTECTION • UNIDIRECTIONAL RINGS • BI-DIRECTIONAL RINGS

  21. LINE PROTECTION

  22. UNIDIRECTIONAL RINGS

  23. BI-DIRECTIONAL RINGS

  24. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT IN SDH

  25. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT IN SDHContd.. PDH

  26. ITU RECOMMENDATIONS - SDH

  27. ITU RECOMMENDATIONS – SDHContd…

  28. DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(DWDM)

  29. DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISIONMULTIPLEXING  DWDM is a Fiber Optic Transmission technique that employs light wavelengths to transmit data Parallel-by-bit or Serial by Character.

  30. CHALLENGES IN OPTICAL NETWORKS • Increased service Needs • Fiber exhaust • Layered bandwidth management

  31. SOLUTIONS • Laying more fiber • Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) • Dense wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

  32. LAYING MORE FIBER  • Economic solution where cost of fiber laying is minimal • May not be able to provide new services or utilize bandwidth management capability of a unifying optical layer.

  33. MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES • TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM) • Synchronous • Asynchronous • WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM)

  34. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

  35. WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

  36. INCREASED CAPACITY BY COMBINING TDM WITH DWDM

  37. CAPACITY OF TDM AND TDM & DWDM

  38. CWDM vs DWDM

  39. COMPONENTS OF A DWDM SYSTEM

  40. COMPONENTS OF A DWDM SYSTEMContd… • Transponder • Multiplexer • Fiber • Amplifier • Demultiplexer • Receiver

  41. LIMITING FACTORS IN A DWDM SYSTEM

  42. ABBREVATION • PMD-POLORIZATION MODE DISPERSION • SPM- SELF PHASE MODULATION • XPM- CROSS PHASE MODULATION • FWM- FOUR WAVE MIXING • RAMAN-STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING • BRILLOUIN-STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING

  43. ITU RECOMMENDATIONS - DWDM • G.694.1 Spectral grids for WDM applications: DWDM frequency grid   • G.694.2 Spectral grids for WDM applications: CWDM wavelength grid   • G.695 Optical interfaces for coarse wavelength division multiplexing applications   • G.696.1 Intra-domain DWDM applications   • G.697 Optical monitoring for DWDM systems   • G.698.1 Multichannel DWDM applications with single channel optical interfaces  

  44. METROPOLITAN NETWORKS

  45. ALL OPTICAL NETWORKS (AON)

  46. THANK YOU

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