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U.S. COAL RESERVES RECOVERABLE - 10% U.S.G.S - 50% DOE “UNRECOVERABLE”

U.S. COAL RESERVES RECOVERABLE - 10% U.S.G.S - 50% DOE “UNRECOVERABLE” - TECHNOLOGICALLY - ECONOMICALLY - (EXTRACTION, RECLAMATION COSTS). SUPPLIES OF COAL UNITED STATES - 3 TRILLION TONS (50% IN WYOMING, MONTANA, NORTH DAKOTA) WESTERN COAL

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U.S. COAL RESERVES RECOVERABLE - 10% U.S.G.S - 50% DOE “UNRECOVERABLE”

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  1. U.S. COAL RESERVES RECOVERABLE - 10% U.S.G.S - 50% DOE “UNRECOVERABLE” - TECHNOLOGICALLY - ECONOMICALLY - (EXTRACTION, RECLAMATION COSTS)

  2. SUPPLIES OF COAL UNITED STATES - 3 TRILLION TONS (50% IN WYOMING, MONTANA, NORTH DAKOTA) WESTERN COAL - 60% LOW SULFUR (0.7%S) - AT STRIP MINING DEPTH - >1000 MILES FROM DEMAND CENTERS - $5- $7/TON

  3. World Coal Reserves, 1995 From Shepherd and Shepherd, 1998

  4. AVAILABLE COAL ENERGY 3 TRILLION TONS X 50% RECOVERABLE X 2000 LB/TON X 10,000 BTU/LB = 3 X 1019 BTU - 1980 U.S. CONSUMPTION = 80X1015 BTU (TOTAL) - 375 YEAR SUPPLY AT PRESENT COAL CONSUMPTION RATES (20 X 1015 BTU/YEAR) - 1500 YEAR SUPPLY

  5. Anthracite Lignite Surface Subbi- tuminous Bituminous Underground Gulf Coast unk Appalachian > < Western Interior (midwest)

  6. Arrow in direction of… Atomic H/C Ratios • Solid-liquid-gas • Ease of transport • Less solids pollution • Less air contamination From Wiser, 2000

  7. COAL RANK • ANTHRACITE -14,000 BTU/LB • 2. BITUMINOUS -12,000 BTU/LB • 3. SUB-BITUMINOUS -9,000 BTU/LB • 4. LIGNITE (30% WATER) - 7,000 BTU/LB

  8. TABLE 4 Representative Composition of Western Lignite (As Received) Proximate AnalysisUltimate analysis Fixed carbon 27.2% Carbon 44.9 % Ash 11.7% Hydrogen 3.4% Water 25.4% Oxygen 13.2% Volatiles 34.5% Nitrogen 0.2% Sulfur 1.2% Sulfur 1.2% Heating value 7500 Btu/lb Ash 11.7% Water 25.4%

  9. Coal Summary….. • The good news…. • High energy content • We have a lot of it • The bad news…. • Solids, air pollution issues • Mine safety • Not easy to transport

  10. EXTRACTION TRANSPORTATION PREPARATION CONVERSION - GASIFICATION - LIQUEFACTION - COMBUSTION POLLUTION CONTROL - PARTICULATES - SO2 - H2S - NOX

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