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Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Explore the different types of molecules that make up living organisms, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Learn about their structure, function, and importance in maintaining life processes.

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Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

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  1. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Objectives • Distinguishbetween monosaccharides, disaccharides,and polysaccharides. • Explainthe relationship between amino acids and protein structure. • Describethe induced fit model of enzyme action. • Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids. • Comparethe nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

  2. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom. • Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms.

  3. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  4. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued • Monosaccharides • Carbohydrates are made up of monomers calledmonosaccharides.

  5. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued • Disaccharidesand Polysaccharides • Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar called adisaccharide. • A complex sugar, orpolysaccharide, is made of three or more monosaccharides.

  6. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Disaccharides Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  7. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins • Proteinsare organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. • Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic roles.

  8. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued • Amino Acids • Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function.

  9. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Amino Acids Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  10. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued • Dipeptides and Polypeptides • Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form a dipeptide. • A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide.

  11. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Structure of Proteins

  12. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued • Enzymes • Enzymesspeed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates. • The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes a change in the enzyme’s shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction.

  13. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Enzyme Activity

  14. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids • Lipidsare nonpolar molecules that store energy and are an important part of cell membranes.

  15. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued • Fatty Acids • Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.

  16. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Fatty Acids Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  17. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued • Triglycerides • Triglyceridesconsist of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.

  18. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued • Phospholipids • Phospholipids, which make up cell membranes, consist of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.

  19. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued • Waxes • Awaxis made of one long fatty acid chain joined to one long alcohol. • Steroids • Asteroidis composed of four fused carbon rings.

  20. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids • A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information.

  21. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Structure of Nucleic Acids

  22. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  23. Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, continued • The nucleic aciddeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)contains genetic information for cell activities. • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)molecules play many key roles in building of proteins and can act as enzymes.

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