Economic Development of Japan

1. Economic Development of Japan No.2 Edo Period

2. PP.16-17 II. Samurai’s Rule III. Modern-ization I. Emperor’s Rule IV. Postwar 1603 X WAR 1867 Rapid recovery and growth NARA Centralization MEIJI Westernization,industrialization,militarilization EDO Tokugawa Shogunate KAMAKURAMUROMACHISENGOKU Jinshin War × 671 HEIAN Nobles,Decentralization Taika Reform × 645 Internal wars, dynamic & fluid society Peace, isolation, conservative class society Clan fights Hunting & gathering xxxx xxxx xxx WEST!!! Chinese culture &political system WEST: guns &Christianity US occupation1945-52 Rice Buddhism

3. The Early Age of Samurai, 12c to 16c(Kamakura鎌倉, Muromachi室町, and Sengoku戦国 period) • Internal fights for dominance continued--samurai were real fighters and protectors of land. • Religion for self-discipline, pragmatism and coping with life-or-death situation emerged (Zen Buddhism禅). • Society was dynamic and fluid. Power and outcome, not family name, mattered. • External trade was active; foreign invasion and piracy were also carried out. Major daimyos Other daimyos Sengoku Daimyo’s spheres of influence around 1570 (just before reunification)

4. P.22 Transition from Sengoku to Edo(Late 16c to early 17c) • Daimyo’s direct rule of land and farmers was established (removal of middle powers such as influential temples, manors, landlords). • Rigid separation of samurai and farmers --Kenchi 検地(land survey and registration)  creation of family farms --Katanagari刀狩(confiscation of all arms from non-samurai classes) --All samurai required to live in castle town, receive rice salary --All farmers required to live in villages, till allotted land, and pay rice tax Oda Nobunaga (1534-82), merciless fighter織田信長 Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-98), witty operator豊臣秀吉 Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616), patient winner徳川家康

5. The Late Age of Samurai, 17c to mid 19c(Edo period) • Tokugawa family ruled for 264 years (15 shoguns). • Daimyos were ranked, and given land to rule in exchange for loyalty and submission. Agro-based feudalism and tax systems were installed. • Peace was restored and samurai became urban bureaucrats. • Foreign travel and private foreign trade were banned. Bakufu monopolized limited trade with China & Netherlands. Bakufu’s direct rule Tokugawa relatives & original retainers Other daimyos Daimyo’s assigned lands in 1664 (early Edo period) Numbers show size of han (x10,000 koku)

6. Samurai Glossary

7. PP.23-25 Bakuhan Taisei(Bakufu-Han System)幕藩体制 --“Feudalism”--Class societySeparation of rulers and ruled 士 How to keep daimyos obedient:--Seppuku & termination of family--Limits on military capability (e.g. one castle)--Relocation & downsizing of hans at will--Sankin kotai (bi-annual residence in Edo)--Assignment of charges and public works 農 工 商

8. P.23 Pre-conditions for Industrial Take-off • Political unity and stability • Agricultural development and commercialization • Development of transportation and nationally unified markets • Rise of commerce, finance and wealthy merchant class • Rise of pre-modern manufacturing • Industrial promotion by local governments • High level of education Samurai police and merchants City girls Daimyo in his castle

9. PP.25-28 Agriculture: Positive vs Negative Aspects • Village autonomy and family farming • Acreage rose then stabilized, productivity rose continuously • Technology and knowledge improved over time • As commercial crops increased, rich farmers emerged • Farmers were tied to land and had to pay heavy (?) tax • Famine, discontent with policy/officials led to ikki (farmers’ rebellion) Source: Hayami & Miyamoto, 1988.

10. PP.28-30 Budget, Money and Inflation • Economy shifted from rice to cash crop, agro-processing and commerce, but revenue continued to be based on rice tax • Bakufu and han governments launched reforms and industrial promotion to cope with budget crisis (only some succeeded) • Bakufu monopolized foreign trade, but Matsumae, Tsushima and Satsuma Han also had foreign contact • Inflation accelerated in late Edo period due to (i) debasement of gold, (iii) foreign trade, and (iii) famine (entire period) Output & Tax on Bakufu Land

11. Rich Merchants in Edo Period (Gosho) Mitsui Family -17c From Matsuzaka -Kimono trade & money exchange in Edo, Kyoto, Osaka – huge success <Transition to Meiji> Manager: Minomura Rizaemon -Cope with bakufu policy to protect Mitsui business -Support and work with new government -Internal reform: from gosho to zaibatsu -1876 Establish Mitsui Bank & Mitsui Trading Company Sumitomo Family -16c Adopt Western copper refining, copper trade (Kyoto)-17c Move to Osaka -Besshi Copper Mine (under Bakufu’s commission) <Transition to Meiji> Manager: Hirose Saihei -Avoiding gov’t confiscation-Introducing Western mining technology to renovate Besshi -Business diversification Konoike -Sake making, trading, loans to daimyo -No serious internal reform in Meiji -Failed to form zaibatsu (Sanwa Bank) Onogumi? Tennojiya? Hiranoya? Shimadagumi? Kashimaya?

12. P.35 Terakoya (Private Primary Schools) • Private teaching (3Rs:read, write, abacus) at teacher’s house, all over Japan (20,000+)—contributing greatly to literacy • Any intelligent person can be a teacher, any child can study (ages about 7-13) • Individual teaching, with flexible time and flexible fee <Typical curriculum>8-12am Writing (brush & ink)12-1pm Lunch at home1-2pm Arithmetic, moral2pm Go home <Exams and exhibitions>Monthly examsYear-end final examWriting exhibitions, Apr & Aug <Holidays>3 days/month, plus others

13. PP.33-34 Bakufu Schools and Han Schools (Official Teaching) • The core curriculum was ancient Chinese philosophy, especially Confucianism (6-5c BC) 儒学. • Confucianism emphasized social order, respect for superiors and elders, the role and duties of the ruler, and rituals and ceremonies (legitimacy for class society). • Study consisted of reading old Chinese literature in Japanese way, memorizing, and interpret the meaning. • Eminent bakufu scholars: Fujiwara Seika (1561-1619) Hayashi Razan (1583-1657) Arai Hakuseki (1657-1725) • Later, Bakufu also taught Dutch, Western medicine, militarynavigation, etc. Bakufu school at Yushima Seido (Ochanomizu, Tokyo). Confucianism was taught to the sons of bakufu samurais.

14. Shokason Jukuby Yoshida Shoin (1830-59)松下村塾（吉田松陰） • Studied in Edo and Nagasaki • Strong personality and pro-emperor, anti-bakufu ideas • Jailed 3 times for trying to go abroad and criticizing government, finally executed in Edo • Taught young samurai and non-samurai at Shokason Juku from 1855 to 1857 (2.5 years) P.34 Produced many political leaders Ito Hirobumi (Prime Minister) Yamagata Aritomo (Prime Minister) Kusaka Genzui (anti-bakufu fighter) Takasugi Shinsaku (anti-bakufu fighter) Shokason Juku, Hagi, Choshu Han

15. Kangi-en by Hirose Tanso (1782-1856)咸宜園（広瀬淡窓） Kangi-en, Hita (under bakufu’s direct rule) • Established in 1817, succeeded by 9 rectors until 1897 • Largest private school in Edo period, attracting over 4,000 students • Main courses: ancient Chinese literature and philosophy • Three non-selectivity principle—anyone accepted regardless of age, education background or class/family • Monthly student evaluation—classified into 19 levels; competition based on monthly study results • All students lived in school dormitory P.34 Famous graduates Takano Choei (doctor, scholar of western studies) Omura Masujiro (military reformer)