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Republic of Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia –FYROM)

Republic of Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia –FYROM). Political systems in South-Eastern Europe POL 268 Věra Stýskalíková. Problems of the newly emerged state:. Recognition of the Macedonian nation by Bulgarians Recognition of the Republic of Macedonia by Greece

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Republic of Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia –FYROM)

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  1. Republic of Macedonia(Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia –FYROM) Political systems in South-Eastern Europe POL 268 Věra Stýskalíková

  2. Problems of the newly emerged state: Recognition of the Macedonian nation by Bulgarians Recognition of the Republic of Macedonia by Greece Recognition of the Macedonian orthodox church by Serbia Albanian minority

  3. Nation building, state building of the Macedonian nation (or of the Bulgarian nation???) at the end of the 19th century??? The original "Macedonian Revolutionary Organization" (MRO) was established in Sofia. The distinction between being a Macedonian and being a Macedonian-Bulgarian was not sharp, to use a polite understatement. The Bulgarians "proper" regarded the Macedonians as second class, primitive and uncultured Bulgarian relatives who inhabit a part of Bulgaria to the east. The Macedonians themselves were divided. Some wished to be incorporated in Bulgaria, the civilized and advanced society and culture. Others wanted an independent state - though they, too, believed that the salvation of such an entity - both demographic and financial - lies abroad, with the diaspora and benevolent foreign powers. A third group (and Goce Delcev was, for a time, among them) wanted a federation of all states Balkan with an equal standing for a Macedonian polity (autonomy).

  4. Warming up in the relations of USSR and Yugoslavia: 1945-1948 1953-1956 1960-1968 Recognition of the Macedonian nation by Bulgaria: 1953: tendention towards recognition 1961: Bulgaria recognises, that since the WWII we could observe the formation of the macedonian nationa Since 1971: improving of the situation, Bulgaria signs the documents in bulgarian as well as macedonian language Recognition of the Macedonian nation by Bulgarians influenced by the Yugoslav-Soviet swinging politics:It became axiomatic that whenever relations between Moscow and Belgrade cooled, then the heat rose in the Macedonian problem as far as Sofia was concerned.

  5. Recognition of the Republic of Macedonia by Bulgaria Bulgaria recognized the Republic of Macedonia, 15th of January 1992, though the EC with the Greek leadership rejected to recognise the new state (eventhough the Badinter commission recommended Macedonia for the recognition) However, Bulgaria refused to recognise the macedonian nation and the macedonian language ( hidden thoughts: Macedonians are Bulgarians, annexation of the independent state is easier??) The idea of the project of Greater Bulgaria had supporters neither on the bulgarian nor on the macedonian side and has faded away.

  6. Recognition of the Republic of Macedonia was refused by Greek objections: The Macedonia is a name of the nothern Greek province and has historical connotation (Alexander Great. „Macedonia“ belongs to the Greek historical tradition. Greek nationalists alleged that The Republic of Macedonia was using The WhiteTowerof Thessalloniki on its coat of arms and its new banknotesallegedly implying the will for the coast or for the idea of the Greater Macedonia. The flag: the sixteen-ray "Vergina Sun" star that was to appear on the flag was a symbol of the ancient state of Macedon, to which Greece claimed to be the sole heir. The constitution: a reference in Article 49 to the Republic caring "for the status and rights of those persons belonging to the Macedonian people in neighboring countries, as well as Macedonian expatriates, assist[ing] their cultural development and promot[ing] links with them," which Greece interpreted as encouraging separatism among its own Macedonian Slav minority.

  7. The empire of the Alexander the Great

  8. The map of the United (Great) Macedonia

  9. Greek recommendations for the name of the new state: Vardar republic Republic of Skopje Former republic Macedonia of Former Yugoslavia

  10. Greek reactions: Closing of the consulate in Skopje Total embargo on the trade with Macedonia including transit (the cargo over Bulgaria complicated through the neexistence of adequate railway tracks, not talking about Albania The normalisation of the bilateral relations: temporary agreement: The Greece recognises Macedonia under the name FYROM, recognises the borders and revokes the embargo. Macedonia promised not to have any land demands, not to engage in the protection of the macedonian minority in Greece and promised to change the state symbols.

  11. Bilateral relations with Serbia The withdrawal of the Serbian forces was smooth and quick (Serbian engagement in Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo, no serbian minority in Macedonia) Case of Macedonian orthodox church – Serbian orthodox church does not recognise the Macedonian orthodox church and claims the property (churches, monasteries etc.) on the Macedonian territory

  12. Problems with the Albanian minority Demand for the cultural, school and administrative authonomy Proclamation of the Republic of Ilyrida (2.4.1992 recognized by nobody) 1992 riots, UN sent small stabilisational contingent

  13. Question of the Albanian university The Albanians lost the chance of the university education with the dissolution of Yugoslavia and demand the university in albanian language, which is neglected by the Macedonians. The Albanians set up the University in Tetovo in 1995, the state does not support it financially and the diplomas are not recognized The state re-established the Pedagogical institute inb Skopje, with the classes hold in the Albanian language.

  14. Escalation of the conflict After the end of the Kosovo conflict, the extremists flew to the southeastern Serbia as well as to Macedonia. The Macedonia asked NATO to hinder the proliferation of the extremists to Macedonia June 2001 „small war“ – the Macedonian UÇK (National Liberation Army) beset the Aračinovo in the nearby of Skopje, took hostages and was holding the airport under the fire.

  15. Resolution of the conflict In the meantime the Milošević regime in Serbia fell down (5.10.2000) The international community lost interest to support the Albanians (liquidation of the 5km demilitarised zone in southeastern Serbia, where the serbian army could return 5.7.2001 – truce negotiation in Ohrid, political agreement about the Constitutional changes

  16. Ohrid agreement Inviolability of borders and integrity of the Republic of Macedonia Demilitarisation of the UÇK Macedonian government is obliged to pass the new decentralisation law, held a new census, assure the equality of all citizens in the governmental agencies The change of the Constitution and the decentralisation law is possible only under the consent of the 2/3 in the parliament and simultaneously under the 2/3 within the minority in the parliament. The laws dealing with the culture, language, education, ID´s, use of symbols, local finances, local elections, status of Skopkje only under the consent of the 2/3 MP´s of the minority nation. The chance of having parallel albanian faculties under the umbrella of current universities Affirmative action in the education systém Macedonian language as the offical language, where the minority is more thatn 20 % then their language official as well. The IDs in the language of the minority, symbols only with simoultaneous use with the macedonian ones.

  17. Political system • Parliament : • 120-140 MPs, 4 years • 1991-1998 majority voting system, 120 single member constituencies • 1998-2002 85 single member constituencies, 35 proportional with 5 % threshhold and d´Hondt. • 2002 proportional system for all 120 seats, no threshhold, d´Hondt. • President • Directly elected for 5 years term, no more than twice. A candidate for President of the Republic can be nominated by a minimum of 10,000 voters or at least 30 Representatives. A candidate for President of the Republic is elected if voted by a majority of the total number of voters. If in the first round of voting no candidate wins the majority required, voting in the second round is restricted to the two candidates who have won most votes in the first round.Weak and symbolic institution.

  18. Presidents Kiro Gligorov 1991-1999 Boris Trajkovski 1999-2004 Branko Crvenkovski since 2004

  19. Main political parties The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (Macedonian: Социјалдемократски Сојуз на МакедонијаSocijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija, SDSM) is a political party in the Republic of Macedonia. It is the succesor of the League of Communists of Macedonia, the ruling party during the communism. From September 1992 to 1998 the SDSM was the main pillar of the coalition governments and, between other, has shown moderate and reconciliatory attitude towards ethnic minorities in Macedonia. Concerning its ideology, it can be said that although the SDSM is a successor of a communist party and calls itself “social-democratic”, the influential business lobby in SDSM is shaping the party in neoliberalist way. Consequently, the SDSM has fewer supporters in lower classes and more supporters in upper classes than one can expect from a social-democratic party. The party lost the 1998 elections, but at the last legislativeelections, 15 september 2002, the party became the strongest party winning 43 out of 120 seats in the Assembly of Macedonia as major party of the Together for Macedonia alliance, led by the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia and the Liberal Democratic Party. Together for Macedonia governs in coalition with the Democratic Union for Integration. Leader of this party until 2004 when elected president was Branko Crvenkovski, when he had to resign because he was elected as President of the Republic of Macedonia. Now it is led by Vlado Bučkovski, who is also the prime minister.

  20. Main political parties The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity (Macedonian: Vnatrešno-Makedonska Revoluciona Organizacija-Demokratska Partija za Makedonsko Nacionalno Edinstvo), or VMRO-DPMNE is a political party in the Republic of Macedonia. The party describes itself as a Christian Democratic party which supports the admission of Macedonia to NATO and the European Union. The party's name derives from the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, a liberation movement founded in 1893. The original VMRO (IMRO) was suppressed in the 1930s, at which time the territory of the current Republic of Macedonia was part of Yugoslavia. Although VMRO-DPMNE claims a line descent from the old VMRO, there is no real connection between the old VMRO and the new one. After the first multy-party elections in 1990, VMRO-DPMNE became the strongest party in the Parliament, but hasn’t formed government, because didn’t want to make coalition with a party of Albanian minority. This party boycotted the second round of the 1994 elections claiming that fraud has happened in the first round. At the Kichevo Congress in 1995, knowing that it will not gain international support to form a government as long as it was nationalistic, VMRO-DPMNE has become moderate party with Christian Democratic orientation. After winning the 1998 election VMRO-DPMNE has surprised many people when formed coalition government with the Democratic Party of Albanians. In 1999 the VMRO-DPMNE's candidate Boris Trajkovski was elected President, completing VMRO-DPMNE's takeover. Once in office Trajkovski pursued a much more moderate policy than expected. In 2002 VMRO-DPMNE's government was defeated at legislative elections. In an alliance with the Liberal Party of Macedonia, VMRO-DPMNE won 28 out of 120 seats. In 2004 Trajkovski was killed in a plane crash and Branko Crvenkovski was elected President, defeating the VMRO-DPMNE's candidate Sashko Kedev. The first leader of the VMRO-DPMNE was Ljubco Georgievski and the current is Nikola Gruevski..

  21. Main political parties The Democratic Union for Integration (Bashkimi Demokratik për Integrim, BDI, Demokratska Unija za Integracija, DUI) is the largest political party in the Republic of Macedonia among ethnic Albanians. It is led by Ali Ahmeti. The DUI is the successor to the Albanian National Liberation Army, which fought the Macedonian security forces in 2001. As a political party it was formed 3 months before the elections in June 2002. At the last legislativeelections, 15 september 2002, the party won 11.9% of the popular vote (70% of the Albanian vote) and 16 out of 120 seats. It is part of the ruling coalition along with the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia and the Liberal Democratic Party.

  22. Main political parties The Democratic Party of Albanians (Partia Demokratike Shqiptare/Демократска Партија на Албанците - Demokratska Partija na Albancite) or DPA is a political party of the ethnic Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia. The DPA is a merger of the Party for Democratic Prosperity of Albanians (PDPA) and the People's Democratic Party (NDP) which took place in June 1997. The former party was formed in 1994 after some radical members of the Party for Democratic Prosperity, led by Menduh Taci and Arben Xhaferi, splited from PDP and the latter party was founded in August 1990 as a more radical opponent of the PDP. After the 1998 elections the DPA entered the government coalition led by the VMRO-DPMNE. At the last legislativeelections, 15 september 2002, the party won 5.2% of the popular vote and 7 out of 120 seats. Its leader is Arben Xhaferi.

  23. Main political parties The Liberal Democratic Party (Liberal Demokratska Partija) is a liberal party in the Republic of Macedonia. The Liberal Democratic Party was launched in April 1997 as a merger between the Liberal Party and the Democratic Party. The first leader of the LDP was Petar Goshev from the Democrats, who was also the last president of the League of Communists of Macedonia. When the former Liberal Party was reestablished in 1999, significant portion of former Liberal Party has remained in the LDP. At the last legislativeelections, 15 september 2002, the party won 12 out of 120 seats as part of the Together for Macedonia alliance, led by the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia and the Liberal Democratic Party. Since 2002 elections it is participating in the government together with the SDSM and the DUI. Since 1994 the LDP is a member of Liberal International. The LDP is also an affiliate member of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party. Its current leader is Risto Penov

  24. Main political parties The Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP is ethnic Albanian political party, which was formed in April 1990. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was considered to be moderate party that can cooperate with Macedonian side to find the best solutions for the problems, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions. For example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. PDP Secretary Emini explained, "The Albanians, regarding Macedonia to be their country, as well, expected and struggled to ensure through the constitution their natural and legal right to be equally constitutive people in Macedonia, i.e., in their own state." From 1998 elections the PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded a lot. At the last legislativeelections, 15 september 2002, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. Its current leader is Abduladi Vejseli.

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