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CHINA

CHINA. Public Policy. “Fang-shou”. How Fang-shou works. Four modernizations Democracy Wall movement De- legalization of protest 2nd Revolution Student democracy protest Anti- bourgeois Liberalization Tiananmen Democracy Demonstration Tiananmen “ massacre ”

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CHINA

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  1. CHINA PublicPolicy

  2. “Fang-shou”

  3. How Fang-shou works Fourmodernizations Democracy Wall movement De-legalization of protest 2nd Revolution Studentdemocracyprotest Anti-bourgeoisLiberalization TiananmenDemocracyDemonstration Tiananmen “massacre” Falon Gong demonstrations Outlaw of Falon Gong

  4. Types of policy issues • DEMOCRACY & HUMAN RIGHTS • ECONOMY • FOREIGN POLICY & INTERNATIONAL TRADE

  5. DEMOCRACY & HUMAN RIGHTS

  6. Democracy and Human Rights • Following in Deng’sfootsteps • Jiang Zemin, president 1993-2003 • Hu Jintao, pres. since 2003 • Recentreforms • Some input from NPC • More emphasisonlaw and legal procedures • Semi-competitivevillageelections

  7. Tiananmen Crisis • Demonstration in honor of death of HuYaobang, liberal • Turned into general protest all over China • Anti-corruption, pro-reform • Deng sent PLA, who shot into crowd • Fatalities • 700 to several thousand? RESULTING PRESSURE WORLWIDE – HUMAN RIGHTS

  8. Rule of Law • Law traditionally seen as bourgeoisie tool for suppression – NOT LEGITIMATE • Instead, RULE of PARTY CCP • Development of criminal law since 1978 • Very harsh punishments • 1982 Constitution • Authority of law

  9. Civil Rights & Liberties • Much debated • Hu Yaobang reversed SARS coverup – more transparency • Still arrests of dissidents, strong internet regulations

  10. ECONOMIC POLICY

  11. From Mao to Deng • Under Mao • Command economy based on DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM • The “iron rice bowl” • failed • Since Deng • Socialist market economy • Infusion of capitalism with state control

  12. Agricultural Policy • People’s communes • Early policy • Collective farms people’s communes (thousands of families) • Little improvement • Household responsibility system • Replacement • Individual families responsible • After taxes and fees, can consume or sell

  13. Private Business • As of 1988 • Includes urban co-ops, service orgs, rural industries • Still regulated • More profitable than state enterprises • TVEs • Township & village enterprises • Rural factories, businesses, run by local gov’ts or individuals • Backbone of rural development

  14. Economic issues today • Unemployment, inequality • Floating population of rural workers to cities • Inefficiency of state enterprises, corruption • Pollution • Acid rain, largest producer of “greenhouse gasses” • Product safety • Toxic materials in toys, bogus pet food, faulty tires, unhealthy shellfish

  15. FOREIGN POLICY & TRADE

  16. Under Mao • Providing support for third-world communist revolutions • Development aid (Korea, Vietnam) • Change in relations with USSR • From assistance to rivalry • Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution focused on the “Chinese way”

  17. U.S./Chinese relations • Under Mao, very weak and suspicious • 1972 Nixon’s visit • Deng’s Open Door Policy • Today, U.S. imports more products than it exports ….. TRADE IMBALANCE • U.S. wants China to devalue its currency and stop illegal trade

  18. International Trade & Business • SEZs – Special Economic Zones • Foreign investors given special tax rates in certain regions of China (urban) • Member of WTO, favored U.S. trade partner, in control of Hong Kong since 1997 • Reform under Deng • Still cautious (fang-shou) • Patron-client system (guanxi) with entrepreneurs

  19. Hong Kong • “one country, two systems” • Since 1997, handed over from British • Capitalist, existing laws & civil liberties and way of life • 2003 incident • Tung Chee-hwa sells gov’t-owned public housing without permission • Results in demonstrations for more representation, elected governor

  20. Taiwan • Chang Kai-shek’s refuge in communist revolution 1949 • Until 1970s, recognized as representative for China • 1979, PRC officially recognized • Taiwan as part of China • Insists historical and political sovereignty over Taiwan • Largest trade partner is still China

  21. Current Policy Issues • One China Policy • Taiwan/independence, US arms sales • One Child Policy • Until 2015, females neglected, aborted • Energy conservation • 5 Yr. Plan, more investment, rejection by local gov’ts? Nuclear energy? Alternative energy • Lowering economic growth goals • Raise incomes, private businesses, decrease inflation • Internet policy – 220 mil. bloggers

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