Diverse Learners in Math and Science Classrooms: Writing to Learn and Content-Area Reading

1. Diverse Learners in Math and Science Classrooms: Writing to Learn and Content-Area Reading Day 2: Connections Cognitive Reading Strategies English Language Development Standards Public Writing Making Connections to Math and Science Content

2. Gradual Release of Responsibility Frey & Fisher (2006)

3. Modes of Reading Provide Different Amounts of Support From Cooper (2009)

4. Dimensions of Reading • Word Identification • Comprehension • Vocabulary • Fluency • Ownership

5. Comprehension: Cognitive Reading Strategies • Transparent: Explicitly state and model how a strategy helps construct meaning while reading • Transportable: Ultimately, the goal is to help students be aware of and use cognitive strategies across genres and subject areas (Fisher & Frey, 2009)

6. Cognitive Reading Strategies • Monitoring comprehension • Developing a purpose for reading • Connecting the new to the known or to one’s own life • Asking questions and trying to answer them • Making a prediction • Noticing patterns in text structure • Visualizing a text’s meaning • Fix-up strategies to repair meaning

7. Comprehension Instruction: Think-Aloud • Select a short piece of text • Foresee difficulty • Read the text aloud and stop often to share your thinking • Point out the words in the text that trigger your thinking

8. Strategy: Asking Questions While Reading and Trying to Answer Them • Think aloud: Demonstrate your knowledge construction process using a short selection of text • Whole group lesson: Briefly model jotting down questions while reading; have students practice on a short selection of text, sharing out with a partner or the whole class • Small group guided practice: Students jot down questions as they read a short selection, then work in small groups to share and try to answer them • Small group/independent application: Students record questions while reading in a math or science journal

9. Writing Connection: Latitude and Longitude Double Entry Journal Text information Questions or connections

10. Strategy: Noticing Text Structure Features and Patterns • Think aloud: Demonstrate how you navigate targeted text features using a short selection of text • Whole group lesson: Briefly model how you utilize text structures while reading; have students practice on a short selection of text, sharing out with a partner or the whole class • Small group guided practice: Have students discuss what they notice about text features and how these might help with understanding the concepts presented • Small group/independent application: Students keep a personal dictionary of vocabulary highlighted in text

11. Cognitive Reading Strategy Practice • Sketch a plan for using a think-aloud to model one of these two strategies with the text you brought today: • Asking questions while reading and trying to answer them • Noticing text structure features and patterns • Practice the think-aloud with a partner

12. Comprehensive Vocabulary Instruction • Frequent, extensive, varied language experiences • Teaching individual words • Teaching word learning strategies • Fostering word consciousness

13. “The Mathew Effect”“The rich get richer and the poor get poorer”Stanovich (1986) • Children starting school with smaller vocabulary must learn words faster to catch up with others • At 36 months – high SES knows twice as many words (1,100) as children in low SES (480) • Struggling readers tend to read less, so the number of words read and learned is significantly lower • The more words you know, the easier it is to learn more word meanings (Marzano, 2004) • Need to increase text exposure • Need to provide explicit instruction

14. Identifying Vocabulary to Teach • Is understanding the word important to understanding the selection in which it appears? • Are students able to use context to discover the word’s meaning? • Can working with this word be useful in furthering students’ context, structural analysis, or dictionary skills? • How useful is this word outside of the reading selection being currently taught?

15. Word-Learning Tasks • Basic oral vocabulary • Read known words • New words, known concepts • New words, new concepts • Clarifying/enriching known words

16. Teaching Idea - Linear Arrays Show related words on a continuum (Cooper, 2009)

17. Teaching Idea- Semantic Mapping • Place words on a map showing relationship (Cooper, 2009)

18. Teaching Idea- Semantic Feature Analysis Grid • Analyze related words (Cooper, 2009)

19. Teaching Idea - Comparing and Contrasting • Venn Diagram to compare and contrast concepts (Cooper, 2009) PROTEST REBELLION Objects to Policy Organized Citizen Action Vietnam War protests Challenges authority Letters to the Editor South seceding from Union Marches

20. Teaching Idea: Four-Square Activity

21. Teaching Word Learning Strategies • Using context clues • Using word parts • Using the dictionary

22. Four Context Types to Consider • Sandra had won the dance contest, and the audience’s cheers brought her to the stage for an encore. “Every step she takes is so perfect and graceful,” Ginny said grudgingly as she watched Sandra dance. 1. Misdirective: directs student to incorrect meaning

23. Four Context Types to Consider • Don heard the door open and wondered who had arrived. He couldn’t make out the voices. Then he recognized the lumbering footsteps on the stairs and knew it was Aunt Grace. 2. Nondirective: no assistance directing toward any particular meaning

24. Four Context Types to Consider • Joe and Stan arrived at the party at 7 o’clock. By 9:30, the evening seemed to drag for Stan. But Joe really seemed to be having a good time at the party. “I wish I could be as gregarious as he is,” thought Stan. 3. General: enough information to place word in general category

25. Four Context Types to Consider • When the cat pounced on the dog, he leapt up, yelping, and knocked down a shelf of books. The animals ran past Wendy, tripping her. She cried out and fell to the floor. As the noise and confusion mounted, Mother hollered upstairs, “What’s all that commotion?” 4. Directive: likely to lead student to a specific, correct meaning

26. Deciding Which Words To Teach • Three tiers of words • Most basic words • High frequency words for mature language users • Low frequency words from specific domains • Points to consider • Importance and utility • Instructional potential • Conceptual understanding (Beck, McKeown, & Kucan, 2002) • Connect to the 5 Cs of Vocabulary Instruction

27. Application to Content Thinking about the math or science lesson you’ve been working with: • Identify key vocabulary • What kind of context is provided for these words? • Misdirective, nondirective, general, directive • What word-learning tasks might apply for these words? • Basic oral vocabulary • Read known words • New words, known concepts • New words, new concepts • Clarifying/enriching known words

28. Fostering Word Consciousness • Create a word-rich classroom environment • Emphasize word choice in writing • Point out and model using new and interesting words • Develop systems for emphasizing vocabulary over time

29. Language Objectives • Focused on promoting language development • Receptive and productive language skills • State English Language Development (ELD) standards are a starting point • May emphasize: • Vocabulary • Language functions • Language skills • Grammar or language structures • Lesson tasks • Language learning strategies

30. Latitude and Longitude • Content Objective: Students will be able to use lines of latitude and longitude to find places on a map or globe • Language Objective: Students will be able to define and provide real-life examples of the terms latitude, longitude, parallel, and meridian • Relevant ELDs: • Writing 1.1.1 (Intermediate): Maintain log or journal using simple sentences to collect and explore and ideas • Writing 2.2.1 (Intermediate): Writes to learn (e.g., double-entry journal in math and science) using simple sentences • Reading 1.3.1 (Advanced Beginning): Use new vocabulary in simple sentences to explain and describe concepts from literary and informational texts.

31. Application to Content Thinking about the math or science lesson you’ve been working with: • What the content objective? • What is an applicable language objective? • What is a supporting ELD?

32. Public Writing • Successive drafts • Crafted, copyedited, correct • Ready to be assessed • Substantial • Planned • Authoritative • Conventions • Audience

33. Shorter Public Writing Projects • People research • Faction • RAFT • Brochure • Newspaper front page • Web page

34. Latitude and Longitude • Content Objective: Students will be able to use lines of latitude and longitude to find places on a map or globe • Language Objective: Students will be able to define and provide real-life examples of the terms latitude, longitude, parallel, and meridian • Relevant ELDs: • Writing 1.1.1 (Intermediate): Maintain log or journal using simple sentences to collect and explore and ideas • Writing 2.2.1 (Intermediate): Writes to learn (e.g., double-entry journal in math and science) using simple sentences • Quick Write: Brainstorm • Going Deeper: Double Entry Journal • Public Writing: Brochure • Feedback: 2-Point, 3-Point Rubrics, Checklist • Modes of Reading: Read Aloud, Cooperative Reading • Reading Strategy: Asking Questions as you Read • Key Vocabulary: latitude, longitude, parallel, meridian

35. Math and Science: Putting it Together With your materials, sketch a plan including: • Content objective and language objective • Related ELDs • Writing: • Quick write strategy or strategies • Going deeper writing to learn strategy • Public writing project • Feedback on writing • Reading: • Modes of reading: Read aloud, shared reading, guided reading, cooperative reading, independent reading • Cognitive reading strategy: asking questions, making connections, summarizing, noticing patterns in text structure, making a prediction • Key vocabulary Be prepared to share out as a concluding activity