WORLD HISTORY

1. WORLD HISTORY Life in the Industrial Age

2. Industrialization Expands • Britain tried to protect its competitive advantage • William Cockerill opened first textile factories outside Britain, in Belgium (1807) • Other nations brought in British engineers, or “borrowed” technology • New world order driven by industrialization • Germany, United States quickly rose to prominence • Japan industrialized too, despite few natural resources • Southern, eastern Europe lacked capital, political stability • All industrializing nations experienced “growing pains” • Balance of world power favored western industrialized nations

3. Technology Fuels Industrial Growth • Companies hired experts to help develop new products, machinery, processes • The development of steel was a key innovation • Henry Bessemer purified ore by blasting air through it • Steel was harder, lightweight, more durable than iron • Vital to production of machinery, infrastructure • Industrial growth, success measured by steel production • Chemical research launched new products • Dynamite (Alfred Nobel) • Fertilizers • Consumer products (aspirin, soap)

4. New Sources of Power, Production • Electricity replaced steam as industrial power source • Alessandro Volta – battery • Michael Faraday – first electric motor and dynamo • Thomas Edison - incandescent light bulb (and many others!) • Manufacturing processes improved • Eli Whitney developed interchangeable parts in gun production • Assembly lines produced more goods in less time – each worker had a very specific task

5. The Power of Persistence Afterwe had conducted thousands of experiments on a certain project without solving the problem, one of my associates, after we had conducted the crowning experiment and it had proved a failure, expressed discouragement and disgust over our having failed to find out anything. I cheerily assured him that we had learned something. For we had learned for a certainty that the thing couldn't be done that way, and that we would have to try some other way.“ -- Thomas Edison, as quoted in AmericanMagazine (January 1921)

6. The World Gets Smaller • Railroad construction expanded to include new transcontinental railways (US, Russia) • Nikolaus Otto’s gasoline-powered combustion engine had a transformative effect on transportation • Germans Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler used it to build the first automobiles (1886 - 1887) • Henry Ford mass-produced his “Model T” on assembly line, making cars affordable for more people • Powered new farm machinery, and the Wright Brothers’ first successful airplane flight • Information traveled faster than ever before! • Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) • Telegraph and “Morse code” (Samuel F. B. Morse) • Radio (Guglielmo Marconi)

7. Karl Benz Daimler’s first auto Henry Ford and his Model T

8. “Big Business” On The Rise • Industrial growth required steady flow of capital • Private investors received ownership shares (stock) • Laws of incorporation protected investors from liability if corporation went bankrupt • Larger corporations used investments to expand business, diversify • Industrialists tried to corner the market by buying or controlling sources of raw materials, production, and distribution

9. Monopolies and Trusts • Adam Smith: unregulated free markets would move toward monopoly • Industrialists used economic leverage to push smaller competitors out of business • Outright purchase of competing business • Blocking access to raw materials • Temporary price cuts to drive competitor out • Cartels established to regulate markets, set production quotas, and fix prices • Trusts established to keep separate companies under the same corporate structure – a monopoly by another name! • Early regulations to prevent monopoly, break trusts ineffective

10. From The Verdict, January 22, 1900

12. Advancements in Medical Care • Louis Pasteur connected microbes to transmission of disease – germ theory • Vaccines for rabies, anthrax using attenuated viruses • “Pasteurization” process to kill microbes in milk • Sources of transmission identified for dread diseases • German doctor Robert Koch discovered bacterium which caused tuberculosis • Mosquitoes connected to malaria, yellow fever • Improvements in hospital care, sanitation • Anesthesia introduced in 1840s (but not entirely safe) • Better standards of nursing care (Florence Nightingale) • Cleanliness to prevent infection (Joseph Lister)

13. City Life • Urban renewal projects revitalized cities • Broad streets (security) and public offices • Police, fire, water, sanitation • Trolley lines meant people didn’t have to live where they worked • Cities destinations for arts, culture, entertainment • Architects designed skyscrapers • Theaters, museums, libraries, sports • As cities grew • The wealthy lived in comfortable suburbs • Middle-class people lived in multi-story apartments • Urban poor lived in tenement slums, row houses amidst crime, alcoholism

14. The Working Class Struggles • Workers had little leverage to change harsh working conditions • Mutual-aid societies formed to provide community support • Interest in socialist movement • The Great Reform Act (1832) gave working people in Britain more representation – and the vote • Right to organize labor unions led to strikes • Pressure from unions, working-class voters led to reforms

15. The Social Order Shifts • New social order not dependent on land anymore! • New wealth and “old money” began to mix • Industrial families married into nobility • Acquired titles, social status, political power – full membership into upper class! • Middle-class lived comfortably – and worked hard to keep up appearances • Urban workers, rural peasants at bottom of social structure, and still in poverty

16. Middle-Class Lifestyle • Social expectations, manners changing too • Family’s home reflected status, material wealth • Strict social protocol • Marriage an opportunity to enhance wealth, prestige • Gender roles re-defined • Successful men earned enough for wives to stay home • “Cult of domesticity” celebrated, idealized home life • Women the moral compass, social conscience, keepers of home and hearth • View of women hindered efforts toward rights, reforms that would benefit women

17. Women Work for Rights • Many women began to resist these gender-based social constraints • Wanted equality in property ownership, finances • Wanted greater influence on public policy • Temperance (restrictions on sale, consumption of alcohol) a women’s issue • Early efforts to gain the right to vote • Seneca Falls Convention – United States, 1848 • Suffrage groups in Europe emerged late 1800s • Where women’s role less defined, more openness to the idea of women voting • Most women in Western countries granted the vote only after World War I

18. From Punch, June 13, 1910

19. Education in Focus • Public education originally to improve literacy, educate the workforce • Evolved beyond the “three R’s” to include… • Patriotism, courtesy, respect for authority • Religious education (in Europe) • Passage of child labor laws in late 1800s allowed more children to attend school • Wealthy children could attend secondary schools, universities • College curricula changed to reflect demands of industrialized society (more science, engineering)

20. New Scientific Theories • New theories emerged which challenged long-held (religious-based) beliefs • English teacher John Dalton advanced atomic theory • All substances made of (different) atoms • Dmitri Mendeleyev developed table classifying elements by atomic weight (basis for modern periodic table) • New evidence showed Earth to be much older than previously believed • Charles Lyell’s geological studies: Earth 2B years old! • Fossils in Neander valley challenged biblical accounts

21. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution • On the Origin of Specieschallenged prevailing beliefs • Based on Darwin’s years of research at the Galapagos Islands • Controversial, because contradicted beliefs about creation • Theory based on concept of natural selection • All species of plants/animals compete for available resources/food • Certain traits give members of a species advantages in survival (those not having these traits less likely to survive) • Species change over time to improve chances for survival • “Survival of the fittest” – only the strongest will survive! • “Social Darwinism” applied these ideas to social context • Wealthy best able to control wealth, business • War weeded out weaker nations; used to justify imperialism • Led to racism in West: belief that white race must be superior

22. Religious Life • Christian, Jewish faith remained central to Western society • Religious leaders led reforms, charity outreach for the urban poor • Schools • Hospitals • Social service groups • Protestants advocated “social gospel” • Booth family founded Salvation Army in Britain; daughter Evangeline later brought the mission to U.S., Canada

23. Romanticism • An artistic style which shaped western arts, culture (mid-1700s – mid-1800s) • Challenged emotional restraint of Enlightenment • Sought emotional response from audiences • Celebrated connection to natural world • Heroes moody, melancholy, mysterious (“Byronic”) • Suffered guilt, or tragic fate (Faust, Jane Eyre) • Legend, history, gallantry (Dumas: Three Musketeers) • Composers (Liszt, Beethoven, Chopin) wrote to portray a range of emotion • Artists used bright color, drama to show emotion, nature

24. JMW Turner, The Shipwreck (1805)

25. Eugene Delacroix, Women of Algiers (1834) Eugene Delacroix, A Mad Woman (1822)

26. She Walks In BeautyGeorge Gordon (Lord) Byron (1788-1824) She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that's best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellow'd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impair'd the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress, Or softly lightens o'er her face; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling-place. And on that cheek, and o'er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win, the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent!

27. Realism • Beginning in the mid-1800s, realism tried to show the world “as it was” • Focused on harsh realities of life for less fortunate • Hoped awareness might bring about reforms • Writers portrayed societal constraints, class warfare • Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist • Victor Hugo: Les Miserables • Henrik Ibsen: A Doll’s House • New medium of photography told new stories • Louis Daguerre (“daguerrotypes”) • Mathew Brady – photographed U.S. Civil War carnage • Artists (Gustave Courbet, Edvard Munch) focused on people engaged in daily struggles

28. Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers (1849) Edvard Munch, The Scream (1893)

29. Impressionists & Post-impressionists Paint what you really see, not what you think you ought to see; not the object isolated as in a test tube, but the object enveloped in sunlight and atmosphere, with the blue dome of Heaven reflected in the shadows. - Claude Monet • Impressionism sought relevance in the face of realism • New painting techniques (Monet, Degas) captured the “first impression the eye saw” - imprecise, not blended • Post-impressionists (Seurat, van Gogh, Gauguin) experimented with a variety of styles, vivid colors

30. Claude Monet, Water Lilies (1905)

31. Edgar Degas, Dancers in Pink (1876)

32. Georges-Pierre Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of Grand Jatte(1884)

33. Vincent van Gogh, A Starry Night (1889)

34. Paul Gauguin, Tahitian Women on the Beach (1891)