Chapter 2-3: Life on land and water

1. Chapter 2-3: Life on land and water

2. Large-Scale Patterns of Climatic Variation • Spherical shape and tilt of earth’s axis cause uneven heating of earth’s surface. • Drives air circulation patterns and consequently precipitation patterns. • Warm, moist air rises. • Cools, condenses, and falls as rain. • Cooler, dry air falls back to surface. • Rainforests found near equator. • Major deserts found near 30o N / S.

3. 為什麼會有四季?

5. Pathlength and Seasons Campbell 46.5

7. Temperature influences the moisture contents ofair

8. Solar-Driven Air Circulation

9. Windward side (moist)

11. leeward side (arid) 焚風

13. 為什麼八肚山四側(龍井)常起霧?

14. Climate Diagrams • Summarize climatic information using a standardized structure. • Temperature plotted on left vertical axis. • Precipitation plotted on right vertical axis. • 10o C equivalent to 20 mm precipitation. • Relative position of lines reflect water availability. • Adequate moisture for plant growth when precipitation above temperature.

15. Climate Diagrams

16. Tropical Rainforests

17. Tropical Dry Forest

18. Soil : Foundation of Terrestrial Biomes • Soil is a complex mixture of living and non-living material. • Classification based on vertical layering (soil horizons). • Profile provides a snapshot of soil structure in a constant state of flux.

19. Soil Horizons • O horizon: Organic Layer freshly fallen organic material - most superficial layer. • A horizon: (topsoil) Mixture of minerals clay 粘土, silt 礫土 and sand 砂土. • B horizon: (subsoil) Clay, humus, and other materials leached from A horizon. Denser structure; often contains plant roots. • C horizon: Weathered parent material.

20. Soil Profile

22. Hydrologic cycle • Over 71% of the earth’s surface is covered by water: • Oceans contain 97%. • Polar ice caps and glaciers contain 2%. • Freshwater in lakes, streams, and ground water make up less than 1%.

23. The Hydrologic Cycle • Distribution of water is not static: • Heat • Evaporation • Clouds • Precipitation • Evaporation • Consumed by organisms • Groundwater • Surface water

25. 台灣島的水文平衡?

26. 水的特性 • Specific Heat • Number of calories to raise 1 gram of water 1 C. • 1 cal energy to heat 1 cm3 of water 1o C. • Air - .0003 cal • Latent Heat of Evaporation • 560 cal to convert 1 g H2O at 100 C to vapor.

27. Viscosity 黏滯度 (100 X of air) • Buoyancy 浮力 • Surface tension 表面張力

28. Riparian vegetation influences stream temperature by providing shade.

29. Seasonal Temperature Changes

32. 此章節結束，謝謝!

33. Soil texture chart clay 粘土 silt 礫土 sand 砂土

34. Ion exchange capacity is important to soil fertility

35. Good soil consists of • Air: sand • Water: silt, clay • Minerals: clay • Example, clay loam soil (clay 35%, silt 35%, sand 30%)