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The Three Disciplines in Personality Psychology

Explore the varied disciplines in personality psychology, from clinical to experimental approaches, and delve into the debates surrounding self-reports. Understand the historical context, research methods, and key concepts in the study of human nature. Unveil the complexities of individual differences and the challenges of interpreting personality traits. Dive into the debate on the reliability and validity of self-reports in personality research.

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The Three Disciplines in Personality Psychology

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  1. The Three Disciplines in Personality Psychology

  2. Personality Research • Research approach not always ‘objective’ content-based decision • Approaches historically associated w/ prominent theories & have been politicized • Different approaches hold different assumptions about human nature & have different goals for personality research

  3. Personality Research • Cronbach (1957), ‘Individual differences have been an annoyance…to the experimenter.’ • What did he mean? • Correlational approach more appropriate for personality research? • Individual differences central (starts where experimental leaves off)

  4. Clinical & Experimental Attitudes • Clinical: Discovery of totality of person • Idiographic, individual, humanistic, speculative • Experimental: Control, general laws • Nomothetic, typical person, scientific, objective • Two opposing cultures

  5. Intensive study of small n Growth, development, change, pathology (L) Psychology of the disordered personality Interpretation of ambiguous phenomenon Dreams, random thoughts, slips of tongue No standardized assessment & Hos untestable Projective tests, interviews, therapy Poor reliability, validity Clinical Approach

  6. Clinical Approach Rorschach Inkblots TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

  7. Experimental Approach • Systematic manipulation of Vs • Reject clinical, correlational as speculative • Projective tests, Qaires • Wundt, Pavlov, Watson, Skinner • Process (T: isolate, manipulate causes of behavior) • Limited Vs & external validity

  8. Correlational Approach • Emphasizes individual differences • Relies on introspection (Qaires) • Assumes people accurately report behavior • Strong tradition of measurement (Galton)

  9. Galton’s Anthropometric Lab: London: 1884

  10. Correlational Approach • Structure & process • Dimensions of personality key (Spearman) • How dimensions interrelate & impact behavior

  11. Self-Reports • Central to correlational approach & personality psychology • Controversy regarding their reliability and validity • People may lie or distort self, not know or remember past behaviors • Pros Cons

  12. Activity 2: Self-Report • Describe the arguments for & against self-reports. • What variables impact the strength of self-other agreement (see Funder et al., 1995, p. 12-13)? • Does self-other agreement indicate the validity of self-reports? Explain. • PLEASE TURN THIS IN AT THE END OF CLASS!

  13. Reaction Paper 1: Self-Reports • Should self-reports be used in personality psychology? Explain your position. • PLEASE TURN THIS IN AT THE END OF CLASS!

  14. Next Class • Read Pervin (Controversies) Chapter 11

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