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BEHAVIOR AND MISCONDUCT

BEHAVIOR AND MISCONDUCT. CHAPTER NINE. Perspectives of Police Behavior. Universalistic perspective Sociological perspective Emphasizes the social context in which police officers are hired and trained Psychological perspective The nature of the “police personality”.

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BEHAVIOR AND MISCONDUCT

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  1. BEHAVIOR AND MISCONDUCT CHAPTER NINE

  2. Perspectives of Police Behavior • Universalistic perspective • Sociological perspective • Emphasizes the social context in which police officers are hired and trained • Psychological perspective • The nature of the “police personality”

  3. Perspectives of Police Behavior • Organizational perspective • Organizational factors play an important role in police behavior • Particularistic perspective • Focuses on the decision-making differences among officers • Worden’s research • View of human nature

  4. Perspectives of Police Behavior • Different role orientations • Different attitudes toward legal and departmental restrictions • Officers’ clientele influences their beliefs and behavior • Relationship between management and peer group support

  5. Socialization Versus Predisposition • Socialization theory • Individuals are socialized as a result of their occupational experiences • Van Maanen (1973) • Preentrychoice • Admittance: Introduction • Change: Encounter • Continuance: Metamorphosis

  6. Socialization Versus Predisposition • Predispositional theory • Police behavior is defined by the characteristics and attitudes that the individual had before employment • Policing attracts people with certain attitudes and beliefs • Values change little during career

  7. Classic Studies of Police Behavior • Violence and Police (1970) • Westley • In-group solidarity • Justice Without Trial (1966) • Skolnick • Symbolic assailant • Danger signifiers

  8. Classic Studies of Police Behavior • Varieties of Police Behavior (1968) • Wilson • Watchman style • Service style • Legalistic style • City Police (1973) • Rubenstein • Physical control of suspect

  9. Classic Studies of Police Behavior • Working the Street: Police Discretion (1981) • Brown • Old-style crime fighters • Clean-beat crime fighters • Service-style officers • Professional-style officers

  10. Classic Studies of Police Behavior • Understanding Police Culture (1998) • Crank • Coercive territorial control • The unknown • Solidarity • Loose coupling

  11. Decision Making and Police Discretion • Discretion • The decision not to invoke legal sanctions when circumstances are favorable for them • Organizational variables • Bureaucratic nature • Work periods, areas, and assignments

  12. Decision Making and Police Discretion • Neighborhood variables • Situational variables • Mobilization • Demeanor and attitude • Race and racial profiling • Gender • Age • Suspect–complainant relationship • Seriousness of offense • Mental state of the citizen

  13. Decision Making and Police Discretion • Location • Presence of others

  14. Decision Making and Police Discretion • Individual variables • Education, age, and experience • Race • Gender • Career orientation

  15. Police Deviance • Behavior that does not conform to the standards of norms or expectations • Ethical standards • Organizational standards • Legal standards

  16. Types of Deviance • Kane and White (2009) • Categorization of misconduct • Profit-motivated crimes • Off-duty crimes against persons • Off-duty public order crimes • Drugs • On-duty abuse

  17. Types of Deviance • Obstruction of justice • Administrative failure to perform • Conduct-related probationary failures

  18. Types of Deviance • Four kinds of deviance according to Kappeler, Sluder, and Alpert 1. Police crime 2. Occupational deviance 3. Police corruption 4. Abuse of authority

  19. The Prevalence of Police Deviance • Several surveys of deviance in police departments suggest that deviance is widespread • Strong peer support to cover up deviance • Kane and White (2009) • NYPD officers terminated 1975-1996

  20. The Trouble With Gratuities • Gratuity • The acceptance of something of value • Most common are coffee, beverages, meals -- free or at a reduced rate • Considered unethical by IACP

  21. Deviant Officers • Knapp Commission • Grass-eaters • Meat-eaters • Code of silence

  22. Deviant Officers • Barker (1996) expanded Knapp Commission’s typology of deviant officers • White knights • Straight-shooters • Grass-eaters • Meat-eaters • Rogues

  23. Persistence of Corruption • Why does corruption continue to recur? 1. Police are very powerful 2. Community and political environment are influential 3. Widespread tolerance among citizens for some kind of deviance 4. Patterns of deviance can become standards of behavior

  24. Persistence of Corruption • Systemic theory of corruption • Rotten-apple theory of corruption

  25. Police Sexual Misconduct • Behavior by officers who take advantage of their authority and power to commit sexual violence or initiate a sexually motivated cue for the purpose of sexual gratification

  26. Drug War and Police Deviance • Four types of corruption 1. Use corruption 2. Economic corruption 3. Police violence 4. Subjugation of a defendant’s rights • Noble-cause corruption

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