FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM HST I

2. EXTERNAL GROSS ANATOMY Vestibule – located inside the labia minora; holds the urethra and the vagina Labia Majora – large folds of fatty tissue covered with hair on their outer surface Labia Minora – hairless folds that are located within the labia majora Mons Pubis – triangular fat pad covering symphysis pubis Vagina – muscular tube that connects the cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body

3. External Gross Anatomy Continued Urethra – passage of urine Clitoris – sexual stimulation Bartholins glands – lubrication Hymen – thin skin across the vagina Anus – Defecation Perineum – skin between vagina and anus

4. INTERNAL GROSS ANATOMY Ovaries 1) produces eggs (ovum) 2) almond shaped 3) contain thousands of follicles 4) produce estrogen

5. Internal Gross Anatomy Continued Uterus: hollow, muscular, pear-shaped 1) Perimetrium – outer layer 2) Myometrium – muscle layer 3) Endometrium – inner lining Organ of menstruation, allows for the development and growth of the fetus, and contracts to aid in delivery of the fetus during birth.Organ of menstruation, allows for the development and growth of the fetus, and contracts to aid in delivery of the fetus during birth.

6. Uterus has 3 sections: Fundus – top section Corpus – middle section Cervix – narrow, bottom section

7. BREASTS Nipple - where milk is expelled during lactation Areola –colored circular area around the nipple Mammary glands – produce milk Colostrum – like skim milk – no fat content. Present before milk comes in Breast-self exam – monthly at the end of menstruation

8. Lactation Main function of the mammary glands Starts after childbirth Recommended for the first 6 months of life

9. Lactation Continued Benefits for infants: Greater immune health Superior nutrition Fewer diarrheal, urinary tract, and middle ear infections Higher intelligence level Less tendency to develop allergies

10. Lactation Continued Benefits for mothers: Weight loss Bonding Hormone release – oxytocin (stimulates uterine contractions) and prolactin (helps mother to relax) Hormones help the mother relax and feel more nurturing towards her child. Oxytocin helps the uterus to contract and decreases bleeding after delivery.Hormones help the mother relax and feel more nurturing towards her child. Oxytocin helps the uterus to contract and decreases bleeding after delivery.

11. PUBERTY Hypothalmus secretes gonatropic releasing hormone (GnRH) that stimulates the pituitary gland – begins the hormone production in ovary – estrogen Produces secondary sex characteristics Pituitary gland releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Starts the production of eggs in the female

12. OVULATION Occurs when a mature ovum is released from a follicle and travels from the ovaries through the fallopian tubes to the uterus.

13. FERTILIZATION The union of the ovum and the sperm cell to create new life Usually takes place within the fallopian tubes

14. Steps of Fertilization

15. MENSTRUATION 28-30 day cycle Occurs if fertilization does not take place Involves the shedding of the endometrium through menstrual blood flow Typically last about 3-7 days

16. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Premenstrual syndrome Cervical and uterine cancer Endometriosis Ovarian cancer Pelvic inflammatory disease Breast tumors

17. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Group of symptoms that appear 3-14 days before menstruation Etiology is unknown May be related to a hormonal or biochemical imbalance, poor nutrition, or stress

18. Endometreosis Abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus Tissue transferred from the uterus by the fallopian tubes, blood, or lymph, or during surgery

19. Cancers Cervical Cancer - cancer of the cervix Uterine Cancer – cancer of the uterus Ovarian Cancer – cancer of the ovary

20. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Inflammation of the cervix (cervicitis), the endometrium (endometritis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), and sometimes the ovaries (oophoritis) Usually caused by pathogenic organism such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

21. Breast Tumors Can be benign or malignant

22. Mammogram & Ultrasounds Can detect tumors or masses up to two years before the tumor mass can be felt. Women age 40-49 should have a mammogram every 2 years and those after 50 should have one yearly

23. Sexually Transmitted Diseases

24. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Virus attacks the immune system weakening it until the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases Spread through blood or body fluids of an infected person

25. Chlamydia One of the most frequent STD’s Caused by strains of the chlamydial organism (specialized bacterium that lives as an intracellular parasite) Frequently causes PID and sterility if not treated

26. Gonorrhea Caused by gonococcus bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae and characterized by a greenish-yellow discharge

27. Herpes Viral disease caused by herpes simplex virus type II characterized by reoccurring outbreaks of blister-like sores on genitalia

28. Pubic Lice Parasites usually transmitted sexually Can be spread by contact with clothing, bed linen or other items.

29. Syphilis Caused by a spirochete bacterium that often starts with a painless chancre or sore

30. Trichomoniasis Caused by a parasitic protozoan, trichomonas vaginalis and is characterized by a white or yellow foul-smelling discharge

31. Careers

32. Embryologist A person who specializes in the early development of living organisms

33. Genetic Counselor Genetic counselors are health professionals with specialized graduate degrees and experience in the areas of medical genetics and counseling. Most enter the field from a variety of disciplines, including biology, genetics, nursing, psychology, public health, and social work

34. Gynecologist A doctor who specializes in the diseases of women especially those affecting the reproductive organs.

35. Midwife A health care profession who provides prenatal care to expecting mothers, attends the birth of the infant, and provides postpartum care

36. Obstetrician A physician who treats women during pregnancy and parturition

37. Ultrasound Technologist Also called a sonographer Operates equipment that uses high-frequency sound waves to diagnose, treat and prevent medical conditions.

38. Terminology

39. OOphor (o) denotes Ovary (ies) Oophoroma – swelling or tumor of the ovary OOphoritis – inflammation of the ovary OOphorectomy – surgical removal of the ovary

40. Oophoroplasty – surgical repair of the ovary Oophorrhagia – hemorrhage from the ovary

41. Salping(o) denotes fallopian tubes Salpingitis – inflammation of the fallopian tubes Salpingo-oophroectomy – surgical removal of ovary and fallopian tube Salpingotomy – surgical incision of the fallopian tubes

42. Salpingography – to record the fallopian tube Salpingorrhaphy – to suture the fallopian tube

43. Metr(o)Metra(a)denotes the uterus Metritis – inflammation in the uterus Metrocolpocele – protrusion of uterus into the vagina which pushes on the vaginal wall Metropathy – disease condition in the uterus

44. Metroptosis – falling or prolapse of the uterus Metrorrhapgia – bleeding from the uterus especially at any time other than the menstrual period

45. Gyn(o) Gynec(o) denotes women or female Gynecology – study of disease peculiar to women Gynandromorphous – having characteristics of both the male and female Hemaphrodite – with both female and male parts (not being able to reproduce)

46. Hyster(o) denotes uterus Hysterectomy – surgical removal of the uterus Hysteralgia – pain in the uterus Hysterospasm – involuntary contraction of the uterus Hysterostomatomy - surgical

47. Hysterostomatomy – surgical incision of the cervix uteri Hysteropexy – fixing or fastening of the uterus

48. Gynecologist – women’s specialist Gynopathic – disease of women Gynoplasty – surgical repair of the female genitalia

49. Ovari (o), Ovaries, Ovary Ovariocele – hernia in the ovary Ovariocyesis – pregnancy in the ovary Ovariorrhexis – rupture in the ovary Ovariocentesis – surgical puncture of the ovary Ovariotubal – pertaining to the tube or duct

50. Mast(o) denotes relationship to the breast Matogynia – pain in the breast Mastosis – disease condition of the breast Mastectomy – surgical removal of the breast Mastoplasty – surgical repair of the breast

51. Mastoplasty – surgical repair of the breast Mastoscirrhus – a hard cancer of the breast

52. Galact(o) denotes milk Galactophoritis – inflammation of a milk duct Galactopoiesis – creation or production of milk Galactorrhea – discharge or flow of milk after nursing is stop

53. Galactostasis – stopping of milk secetion

54. Amini (o) denotes amnion Aminocentesis – surgical procedure to remove amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac

55. Cervic (o) denotes the cervix, neck Endocervicitis – inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri

56. Episi (o) denotes the vulva Episiotomy – a surgical incision i made through the skin of the perineum to enlarge the vagina opening where the baby will pass

57. Lact (o) denotes milk Lactogenic – inducing the secretion of milk Lactation – normal secretion of milk

58. Mamm(o) denotes the breast Mammary – pertaining to the breast Mammoplasty – reduction or enlargement of the breast

59. Men (o) denotes menses Amenorrhea – without a menstrual period Dysmenorrhea – difficult or painful menstrual period Oligmenorrhea – scanty, few periods Menorrhagia – excessive bleeding at time of a menstrual period

60. Abbreviations

61. Vag – vaginal VD – veneral disease VDRL – serology for syphilis Vol. – volume VS – vital signs

62. WBC – white blood cell or count W/C – wheel chair WHO – World Health Organization W/P – whirl pool Wt - weight

63. X – times (2X = two times) X-match – cross match XR - x-ray

64. Zn - zinc

65. Questions