WORLD ISSUES CH 14 & 15

1. WORLD ISSUES CH 14 & 15

3. 15.1 Modern Africa • UN Charter- all colonial people have right to self-determination. • (indepedence) • Many white Africans resisted giving up their privileged status. • independence led to rule by indigenous leaders • 1960-65, 28 African countries gained independence!

4. White Board • 1. what were some European nations that had African colonies? • 2. What were the only independent African nations prior to this era

6. Ghana • Gold Coast ->Ghana in 1957 • first former British African colony to gain independence • Kwame Nkrumah leader • Nkrumah preferred socialism to put ownership of country’s wealth into hands of society.

7. Algeria • France kept control of Algeria, • one million French settlers. • nationalists formed National Liberation Front (F.L.N.) & started a guerrilla war for independence. • Charles DeGaulle eventually granted Algerian independence in 1962.

8. Kenyan Independence • Jomo Kenyatta founded the Kenya African National Union- gain independence from Britain. • imprisoned on charges of supporting Mau Mau terrorists. • Mau Mau attacked British and whites in Kwenya • After his release, Kenyatta led Kenya to independence in 1963 and served as its president from 1964 until his death in 1978. • He encouraged development of Western-style capitalism.

9. White Board • From the 3 nations we discussed what is one similarity and one differnce?

10. South Africa • Blacks formed the African National Congress (A.N.C.) against white rule. • Afrikaners (Dutch settlers, “Boers”) became more repressive -apartheid (“apartness.”) • 1960, white police opened fire on blacks engaged in a peaceful protest in Sharpeville, killing 69 protestors • 1962 A.N.C. leader Nelson Mandela was arrested. • A.N.C. called for armed resistance vs. white govt.

11. Mandela & Tutu • Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in prison for his work in ANC • Desmond Tutu worked nonviolently to free Mandela & end South African apartheid. • Won Nobel Peace Prize

12. End OF Apartheid • Mandela’s unjust imprisonment gained world attention • 1990, president F.W. DeKlerk released Mandela and agreed to hold democratic elections for all races.

13. New S Africa • Mandela was elected first black president of South Africa in 1994. • In spirit of reconciliation Mandela said, “We shall build a society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall… assured of their inalienable right to human dignity…” • Both Mandela & De Klerk were awarded Nobel Peace Prize! • Today S Africa still struggles with poverty and crime but are slowly improving.

14. Pan-Africanism • was supported by many new African leaders. • All 53 African nations have joined the African Union formed in 2002. • The A.U. promotes democracy & economic growth. • Most African economies depend upon a single cash-crop or resource export. • import most of technology and manufactured goods from the West (results in a poor balance of trade.)

15. Africa II Current Problems in AfricaRwanda Civil War • -Hutus- majority- little power in the country • -Tutsis-Minority- Control of countries government

16. White Board • What are some Current Issues in Africa you have heard or read about?

17. Genocide of Tutsis • 1994 Hutu leaders told their people to kill Tutsis and people supported them • 800,000 Tutsis and their Hutu supporters killed • Civil war spread to the Congo • Fighting continued past 2000.United Nations came in to bring Peace • approx 3 ½ million people had been killed by violence, hunger & disease.

18. White Board • What other events are like this?

19. Crisis in Darfur country of Sudan • Sudan is an Arab controlled country

20. Darfur south Sudan- Non- Arabs live • 2003 Government said to support Janjaweed militia to kill and kick non Arabs and drive them out the country • Killed 450,000 and burned down entire villages • 2.7 Million kicked out of their country live refugee camps

21. AIDS is an epidemic • 2/3 of AIDS victims worldwide live in Africa, south of the Sahara. • Many children have become orphans. Traditional support from extended families has broken down. • Many countries do not have money needed for health & education facilities or to purchase medicine. • Uganda has engaged in an impressive campaign to fight AIDS with support from local & international authorities, to provide health & sex education.

22. Discuss • What things in the US help control the number of aids cases? • What can African nations or the world do to help the situation

23. Problems • Some new states spent their money on military equipment or went few rich • Did not industrialize. • Corruption & bribery became common. • High population & drought led to malnutrition, famine & disease. • Political unrest & civil war have made farming and distribution of food very difficult. • Poverty is worst in rural areas, in which 75% of Africans live. • Cities grow looking for work • leading to: overcrowding, slums, poor sanitation & traffic jams. • Polarized-Millions have no running water or electricity. while wabenzienjoy lavish lifestyles.

24. Disunity in Africa • After independence, many hoped for development of stable, democratic African govts., but many became military regimes & one-party states. • Cold War created problems as superpowers competed for influence. • Concept of nationhood undermined by warring ethnic groups (tribalism.) Most national borders arbitrarily drawn by European colonists.

25. Women's Rights • Women are allowed to vote, but few hold public office. • Women dominate some professions such as teaching & secretarial work, but do not have access to higher paying professions. • Most females work at home, in low-paid farm & factory jobs or as house servants. • In rural areas, husbands are chosen for women by their families.

26. 15.2The Middle East • May 14, 1948 in Tel Aviv, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the state of Israel. “The land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and national identity was formed. In their exile… the Jews remained faithful to it… never ceasing to hope and pray for the restoration of their national freedom…”

28. Zionsim-The Creation of Israel • Both Jews & Muslim Arabs claimed Palestine. • During 1920s & 30s many Jews moved to Palestine, fleeing from Nazi persecution. • 1948 U.N. resolution divided Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state. • Israel & Palestine

29. White Board • What event in the 1940’s caused the world want to give the Jewish people a homeland?

30. Arab Israeli Conflict • 1st Arab Israeli War • Arab nations saw this as a betrayal and launched a failed invasion of Israel, • But still refused to recognized Israel’s right to exist. • Many Palestinian Arabs fled to neighboring Muslim countries as refugees. • This has contributed to terrorist attacks & violent retaliations.

32. Egypt takes the Suez Suez War • Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser seized the Suez Canal from British and French in 1956. • Britain, France & Israel launched a joint attack on Egypt. • Americans & Soviets supported Egypt and forced the three attacking nations to withdraw.

34. Six Day War • 1967 Nasser blockaded Israeli ships from using the Gulf of Aqaba. • Israeli warplanes responded by destroying nearly entire Egyptian air force. • Israeli armies broke blockade and occupied the Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Jerusalem & Golan Heights. • A million more Arabs lived under Israeli control.

35. White BoardBased on the map what areas did Israel take after the 6 day war?

36. October war • 1973 Arab forces led by Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat launched a new attack on Israel. A cease-fire agreement was reached by the U.N. • During this war, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (O.P.E.C.) announced price hikes & lower production, causing oil shortages in West. • Forced Israel to fear the threat of an Egyptian Attack

37. Camp David Accords 1978 • U.S. President Jimmy Carter invited Egyptian president Sadat & Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin to Camp David, Maryland to for first peace treaty between an Arab country (Egypt) & Israel. • E- recognizes Isreal And will no longer attack • I- will return Sinai

38. Discuss • Will Sadat be seen as a hero or a villain by other Arab nations?

39. Sadat later assassinated • by Muslim fanatics in Egypt who felt that he had betrayed them by making peace w. Israel.

40. Palestinian Liberation Organization (P.L.O.) • believed only Palestinian Arabs should have nation in Palestine. • P.L.O. leader Yasir Arafat led terrorist attacks vs. Israel starting in 1960s. • failure to achieve self-rule P.L.O. supporters living in Israel began militant movement in1980sknown as the intifada. • A second intifada started in 2000.

41. Discuss • What do the Palestinians want and do you feel they have a reason to be upset?

42. Israel & the P.L.O. reached an agreement • autonomy for Palestinian Authority (led by Arafat) in return P.L.O. official recognition of the state of Israel. • There is no fully free Palestinian state. • Jewish extremists want to continue building Jewish homes in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. • Tensions exist to this day

44. Iran • Oil revenue helped Iran become rich & the shah was an ally of the U.S. • Devout Muslims believed modernizing influences (greed & materialism) corrupted Iranian culture. • Ayatollah (Shiite Muslim holy man) Khomeini denounced Westernizing policies, • mass protests vs. shah, who fled in 1979. • Shah’s supporters either fled or were executed.

45. Iranian revolution led to Islamic republic • (theocracy) led by Khomeini. • Anti-American sentiment erupted in Nov. 1979 when militants seized 52 U.S. hostages from embassy.

46. Iran(Shiite) Iraq(Sunni) War 1980-1988 • Iraq fought over religion &territory (strategic Strait of Hormuz.) from 1980-1988. • Saddam Hussein attacked in 1980. • used children to clear minefields, poison gas used vs. civilians • Brutal against Kurds, northern ethnic minority who want their own state. • Ceasefire in 1988,

47. Khomeini died in 1989, • new govt. under Pres Hashemi Rafsanjani loosened some control over society.

48. Criticisms on Iran • youth wanted more freedoms and to an end to power of conservative clerics. • official corruption and high inflation sparked new wave of govt. repression. • Current president MahmoudAhmadinejad has anti-Israel position • aggressive development of nuclear power & human rights violations.

49. 15.3 Terrorism • Terrorists commit horrible acts of violence vs. innocent victims to intimidate states & get publicity for their “cause.” Some believe they’re fulfilling “God’s will” & willing (& eager) to die!

50. Terrorist acts have greatly increased in the later 20th century. • Foreign Terrorist Organizations include: guerrillas in Latin America, militants to liberate Palestine, Islamic militants fighting Western influence in Middle East & separatists seeking independent states.