Unit 2: Chapter 7 India and China

1. Unit 2: Chapter 7India and China

2. Mauryan Empire 321- 232 BC Chandragupta 321-301BCE Created the 1st empire Raised huge army, huge taxes Created bureaucracy Kautilya Rulers handbook Asoka 269 BC – 232 BCE Grandson Why Buddhism? Battle at Kalinga Nonviolence, issued edicts, religious toleration, fairness Built roads Did what for travelers? 500 years of chaos after Mauryan Empire India: A Tale of 2 Empires Chandragupta Kautilya Asoka

3. India: A Tale of 2 Empires • Gupta Empire 320 – 535 AD • 2nd empire • First empire with good information about life in India • Farmers, merchants. • Taxes, irrigation • Patriarchal in North, Matriarchal in South • Expansion created trade routes

4. Using the map, what are the key differences between the Mauryan Empires and the Gupta Empires? Why did neither empire spread north east?

5. Achievements of Indian Culture Many of the foundations of Indian and western culture are created during the Mauryan and Gupta Empires

6. Achievements • Astronomy • Knowledge increased on trading ships • Used stars • Kept time – Greeks • Calendar based on sun • 7-day week divided into hours • 1st to prove earth round – lunar eclipse • Mathematics • Most advanced • Created modern numbers • Zero • Decimal system • Value of pi • Length of solar year (365) • Medicine • 2 medical guides – 1,000 diseases, 500 medicinal plants • Surgery – plastic surgery

7. GuptaArt Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.

8. The Spread of Indian Trade What did Indians realize once they heard about the Silk Roads?

9. Extensive Trade * That they could become the “middlemen & make a lot of money * Set up trading stations spices silks cotton goods spices rice & wheat horses gold & ivory gold & ivory cotton goods

10. Money, Money, Money, and Influence • Effect of trade • Banking system & Loans • Indian culture spread • Religion spread • Increased wealth for Indian empires • Overland Trade • Access to the Silk Road • Ideal placement between Rome and China • Middlemen = Big Profits • Sea Trade • Traded between China, Arabia, Africa, and SE Asia • Spices, ivory, silk, gold, horses, rice, wheat

11. How did Silk Road impact people’s lives? • Economic Impact – created jobs • Religious Impact – spread Buddhism & other religions • Disease – some communities wiped out by diseases, plague

12. Hinduism and Buddhism Change • As Buddhism spreads, it mixes with other religions and begins to split • Becomes popular as people believe they can become Buddhas & achieve nirvana, or salvation, through good works, sacrifice • Hinduism began to unite its many gods into one main universal force, with several forces (gods) • Brahma: Creator • Vishnu: Preserver • Shiva: Destroyer

13. The Decline of the Guptas • Invasion of the Huns in the 4 AD signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at first, the Guptas defeated them • After the decline of the Gupta empire, north India broke into a number of separate Hindu kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in 7 AD

14. Han Dynasty in China

15. Han Dynasty is formed (200 BC-220 AD) • Formed after years of civil war • Winner was Liu Bang • Formed a centralized government where the emperor ran the whole country • Brought peace & stability – for awhile • Lower taxes, lighter punishments • Later Emperors expanded the empire through warfare, both north to Korea, and South to Vietnam

16. Han Dynasty Structure • Mandate of Heaven – Emperor semi-divine • The idea that if the gods favored the ruler, life in China would be good. Displease the gods, the dynasty would fall – earthquakes, floods • People followed emperor’s rule because they believed emperor was link between heaven and earth: semi-divine

17. Bureaucracy & Civil Service • Bureaucracy • The most developed of its time • Run the empire, army, collect taxes • Peasants gave labor – roads, canals, irrigation • Civil Service – 130,000 people • Had to take a test, and score well, merit • Confucian ideals at heart of government • Respect, Generosity, Truthfulness, Diligence, Kindness • Very stable; stayed in place until 1912!

18. Technology, Commerce, Culture • Paper – books spread education • Harness - pull heavier loads • Farming – two bladed plow. wheelbarrow • Water mills – grain • Government controlled industries (monopoly) • Salt mines, Iron forging, Coins, Silk • Assimilated people into Chinese culture • Books, education, intermarriage,

19. End of the Han Dynasty • Dynasty falls when the gap between the rich and poor becomes too great • Flooding causes starvation • Riots and revolutions • Invasions and civil war • Later Han Dynasty experiences same • Dynasty ends around 220 AD

20. Chapter 15Africa

21. Just how big is Africa? Africa is HUGE!

22. Geography • Africa is diverse • Sahara and Kalahari Deserts • Sahel – southern edge of the Sahara • Savanna - grassland • Rainforest • Glacier!

23. West African Kingdoms • Ghana • Started because of the salt/gold trade • By 800 AD, Ghana is an empire • Large army, taxes, bureaucracy • King controlled the salt and gold supply • Islam spread to Ghana through trade • First to traders and upper class • Conquered in 1076 by invaders from the north, and never recovered

24. Mali • Started in 1275, east of Ghana • First emperor was Sundiata • Military leader, popular for overthrowing a tyrant • Bureaucracy was efficient, supported agriculture and fixed the salt/gold trade • Took the title “Mansa” meaning emperor

25. Mansa Musa came to power in 1312 • Skilled military leader • Huge army, expanded territory (bigger than Ghana) • Dedicated Muslim, took a trip to Mecca • Built Mosques, (churches) hospitals, and schools • Later rulers not as skilled, and empire fell apart

26. Songhai 1464-1591 • Started by controlling trade routes, and then expanding • Sunni Ali – • Military general, big army and navy • Seized Timbuktu for 7 years! • Askia Muhammad • Tax system developed, bureaucracy, dedicated Muslim • Empire ended when invaded by attackers from the north with better technology.