1 / 22

Chapter 1: Basic Word Structure

Chapter 1: Basic Word Structure. Objectives . Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Relate the medical terms to the structure & function of the human body. Major focus is to explain the terms in context (not merely memorization) Be aware of spelling & pronunciation problems.

kaycee
Download Presentation

Chapter 1: Basic Word Structure

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 1:Basic Word Structure

  2. Objectives • Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. • Relate the medical terms to the structure & function of the human body. • Major focus is to explain the terms in context (not merely memorization) • Be aware of spelling & pronunciation problems. • Some terms are pronounced alike but spelled differently, which accounts for different meanings • Example: ilium & ileum • Ilium = part of the hip bone • Ileum = part of the small intestine

  3. Word Parts • Basic types of word parts are used to create medical terms: • Word roots : foundation of the term • Suffixes : word ending • Prefixes : word beginning • Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root • Combining form: combination of the root & the combining vowel

  4. Word Root • The word root is the main part or foundation of a word. All words have word roots. • In medical terminology, the root may indicate a body part or body system or colors. • - cardial – heart • - pancreatitis – pancreas • - cyanosis – blue • A medical word may be simply be a root or it may be a combination of word elements. • - sclera – white of the eye • - electr/o/cardi/o/gram – 2 roots and a suffix

  5. Combining Form • Many words would be difficult to pronounce if written without a vowel to join the word roots. • When you take a word root and add a vowel it becomes a combining form. This vowel is usually an “o”, and it is called a combining vowel. • - cyst/o • - therm/o • The combining vowel is used before suffixes that begin with a consonant and before another word root. Prefixes are not included in this rule.

  6. Rules for Combining Forms • A combining vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant. • A combining vowel is not used when the suffix begins with a vowel. • Gastritis, not “gastroitis” • A combining form is always used when combining two or more root words. • Gastroenterology, not “gastrenterology” • A prefix does not require a combining vowel. Do not place a combining vowel between a prefix and a root word.

  7. Learning Check • How do you Combine the root (cardi) , meaning “heart,” with the suffix (-logy ), meaning “study of,” to form a word meaning “study of the heart.”?

  8. Common Combining Forms • Aden/o – gland • Arthr /o – joint • Bi/o – life • carcin/o – cancerous, cancer • Cardi/o – heart • Cephal/o – head • Cerebr/o – cerebrum (largest part of the brain) • Cis/o – to cut • Crin/o – to secrete • Cyst/o – urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst • Cyt/o – cell • Derm/o – skin • Electr/o – electricity

  9. Common Combining Forms • Encephal/o – brain • Ener/o – intestines • Erythr/o – red • Gastr/o – stomach • Glyc/o – sugar • Gnos/o – knowledge • Gynec/o – woman, female • Hemat/o – blood • Hepat/o – liver • Iatr/o – treatment, physician • Leuk/o – white • Log/o study of • Nephr/o – kidney • Neur/o nerve

  10. Common Combining Forms • Onc/o – tumor • Ophthalm/o – eye • Oste/o – bone • Path/o – disease • Ped/o – child • Psych/o – mind • Radi/o – x-rays • Ren/o – kidney • Rhin/o – nose • Sarc/o – flesh • Sect/o – to cut • Thromb/o – clot, clotting • Ur/o – urinary tract, urine

  11. Suffix • Suffixes usually, but not always, indicate the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease. • Examples: • cardiomegaly • gastralgia • neuritis • Changing the suffix, changes the meaning of the word. • - dent/al – “al” means pertaining to • - dent/ist – “ist” means specialist

  12. Common Suffixes • Meaning “pertaining to”: • -ac • -al • -ary • -ar • -ial • -ic • -ous • -genic • Meaning “abnormal condition”: • -ago • -ia • -osis • -ism

  13. Other common suffixes: • -algia – pain • -cyte – cell • -ectomy – excision, removal • -emia – blood condition • -globin – protein • -gram – record • -ion – process • -ist – specialist • -itis – inflammation • -logy – process of study • -oma – tumor or mass • -opsy – process of viewing • -ostomy – surgically creating an opening

  14. Other common suffixes: • -otomy – incision into • -pathy – disease • -plasty – surgical repair • -phobia – irrational fear • -paresis – weakness • -plegia – paralysis • -rrhea – discharge, flow • -scope – instrument to view or examine • -scopy – process of visually examining • -sis – state or condition of • -tomy– instrument to cut • -y – process, condition

  15. Group Activity • In groups of two, come up with at least one example of 8 of the 11 suffixes

  16. DETERMINING MEANINGS ON THE BASIS OF WORD PARTS • Write the word and decipher these medical terms based on their word parts: • cardi- + -plasty • gastr- + -itis • neur- + -algia • cardi- + -sclerosis • gastr- + -ostomy • neur- + -ectomy

  17. Prefixes • Prefixes usually, but not always, indicate location, time, negation, number, or status. • Examples: • pericardium • epigastric • polyneuritis

  18. Common Prefixes • Negation • a-, an- = no, without, not • im-, in- = not • Position • ante-, pre-, pro- = before • Epi- = above • Hyper- = excessive, above, more than normal • hypo-, intra-, sub- = under, below • inter- = between • medi- = middle • post- = after, behind • retro- = behind, backward

  19. Common Prefixes • Time • pre- - before • post- - after • Measurement & Numbers • micro- - small • macro- - large • hyper- - excessive • multi-, poly- - many • primi- - first • mon-, uni- - 1 • bi-, di- - 2 • tri- - 3 • quadri- - 4

  20. Taking Terms Apart • To determine a word’s meaning by looking at the component pieces, you must first separate it into word parts. • Always start at the end of the word, with the suffix, and work toward the beginning. • As you separate the word parts, identify the meaning of each. Identifying the meaning of each part should give you a definition of the term. • Because some word parts have more than one meaning, it also is necessary to determine the context in which the term is being used.

  21. SINGULAR VS. PLURAL Greek • Singular Suffixes • -on • Spermatozoon, ganglion • -ma • Carcinoma, lipoma • -sis • Crisis, prognosis • -nx • Larynx, pharynx • Plural Suffixes • -a • Spermatozoa, ganglia • -mata • Carcinomata, lipomata • -ses • Crises, prognoses • -ges • Larynges, pharynges

  22. SINGULAR VS. PLURAL Latin • Singular Suffixes • -a • Vertebra, conjunctiva • -us • Bacillus, bronchus • -um • Bacterium, ilium • -is • Testis • Plural Suffixes • -ae • Vertebrae, conjunctivae • -i • Bacilli, bronchi • -a • Bacteria, ilia • -es • Testes

More Related