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History of Education

History of Education. 1950-1960. Trivia. In what year was the first, pregnant teacher able to teach?. 1958. History of Education: 1950-1970. After this presentation, students will be able to: Recognize the impact of social movements and legislation on educational reform

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History of Education

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  1. History of Education 1950-1960

  2. Trivia • In what year was the first, pregnant teacher able to teach? 1958

  3. History of Education: 1950-1970 • After this presentation, students will be able to: • Recognize the impact of social movements and legislation on educational reform • Explain how international pressure affected educational reform • Identify and compare the benefits and disadvantages of educational innovations

  4. Key Legislation What are some instances of civil rights movements in the past, and today? • Brown vs. the Board of Education • 1954 in Topeka, Kansas • Desegregation of schools, or the integration of black and white students

  5. Brown vs. the Board of Ed. “American institutions are for the common mass of the people; and unless the people are educated, they both lose the benefit of these institutions and weaken their power.” -William Ellery Channing, author and theologian What does this quote mean in terms of education and the future of our society? • Equal protection under the law to all students regardless of race • Plessy vs. Ferguson, “separate but equal” denies students of a minority group equal educational opportunities (Encyclopedia Britannica online)

  6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Where were students’ needs not being met?

  7. Questions • How do you think the integration of black and white students would have an effect on education or schools? • What was Brown saying was unequal in relation to education and schools? • “tangible” and “intangible” inequalities (Rippa, 1992)

  8. Trivia • By the end of 1957, how many states had begun integration of their schools? 9

  9. Related Topics • The establishment of private schools • Many southern states threatened to abolish their public schools system and establish private schools • Virginia amended their constitution in 1956 • Parents had a choice • Federal aid still given to these private schools • What’s the issues with the establishment of these private schools? (Vassar, 1965).

  10. Related Topics • Brown II • Nickname for the case • Almost 1 year after the original decision of Brown vs. the Board of Education • “with all deliberate speed” • Left decisions and time-table to integrate schools up to the federal district courts • States did not fully begin to integrate their schools until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Vassar, 1965)

  11. Educational Reform Movement-1950’s • Started with the demands of white middle-class citizens and leaders of the early stages of the Civil Rights Movement • Critics of education • professors, famous writers, and experts in various academic fields • Criticisms • Schools had lowered their standards • Progressive education • Other problems included shortage of elementary schools and qualified teachers (Reese, 2005)

  12. Educational Reform Movement-1950’s • scholarly books, journals, and articles • Educational Wastelands by Arthur Bestor in 1953 • One of the most notable written work on the criticisms on education during this time • How does this movement relate to civil rights? (Reese, 2005)

  13. Cold War Era • US and Soviet academic competition • National Defense Education Act of 1958 • science and math • foreign languages • “Duck and Cover” drills • Bomb shelters (Encyclopedia Britannica online)

  14. Trivia • When watching a video on how to carry out a “duck and cover” drill, what animal was usually used as a visual aid for the students?

  15. Duck and cover! www.dailyrepublic.com

  16. Educational Reform Movement-1960’s • Started with the development of educational innovations • protest vs. movement • Involved in the movement were professors and scholars who publicly blamed and criticized schools • Regularly the focus of local and national press • Reshape the content of curriculum and introduce new teaching methods (Rippa, 1992)

  17. Educational Reform Movement-1960’s • Introduce new knowledge and reorganize the “conceptual structure” of curriculum • Main goal was to reshape at every level what knowledge should be learned and how it should be learned • “Seminar on the Disciplines” early 1960’s organized by The National Education Association • Influenced by the work of Piaget • Intuitive thinking and learning by discovery • Students will be able to form a foundation of understanding and basic concepts of a subject with little help from the teacher • Reeducating elementary and secondary school teachers (Rippa, 1992)

  18. War on Poverty • Began under the presidency of Lyndon Johnson • Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society Initiative • Head Start and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 • Achievement gap and accountability (Rippa, 1992)

  19. Trivia • How many public elementary schools were there during the reform? 85,000

  20. Questions • How are the educational reforms of the 1950’s and 1960’s different? How are they similar? • How does past legislation and educational reform affect us as future educators? • Educational Philosophies • Role of the Teachers • Who were the learners? • What were schools for?

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