1 / 29

Psychological Disorders

Psychological Disorders. Definition, diagnosis and treatment. What constitutes a disorder?. Behavior is ___________ Behavior is ___________ Behavior is ___________. Understanding psychological disorders through the ages. Ancient Greece: imbalance of the “four humours”

keith
Download Presentation

Psychological Disorders

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Psychological Disorders Definition, diagnosis and treatment

  2. What constitutes a disorder? • Behavior is ___________ • Behavior is ___________ • Behavior is ___________

  3. Understanding psychological disorders through the ages • Ancient Greece: imbalance of the “four humours” • Dark ages-Middle ages: devil or witchcraft • 18th century: medical (biological) model of disease • 20th century: biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders

  4. Classification of disorders • DSM-IV-TR - diagnostic manuals used by clinicians • Symptoms • Labels • Prognoses • Sample cases • Statistics

  5. Anxiety disorders • Characterized by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety • Generalized anxiety disorder • Phobic disorders • Panic disorder • Obsessive-compulsive disorder • Post-traumatic stress disorder

  6. Generalized Anxiety disorder • Symptoms - - - • Prevalence • Treatment

  7. Phobic disorders • Persistent and irrational fears • Social phobias • Specific phobias • Acrophobia, claustrophobia, hemophobia, pyrophobia, triskadekaphobia, ophidiophobia, astraphobia, nyctophobia, aichmophobia, coulrophobia, trichophobia…

  8. Treatment for phobias • Exposure • Systematic Desensitization • Flooding • Imaginal vs. In Vivo • Classical Conditioning Rationale • Anxiety hierarchy • Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS) • Response prevention • Safety Cues

  9. Panic disorder • Panic attacks • Symptoms • Not: • May result in agoraphobia

  10. Treatment for Panic Disorder • Exposure is still used, but this time the cue for the fear is _________________. • Hypervigilance • Exposure Techniques: • Breathing Retraining and Muscle Relaxation

  11. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder • Persistent obsessions and compulsions • Obsession = • Compulsion =

  12. Treating OCD • Exposure with Ritual Prevention • Operational conditioning of fear through avoidance • Self Monitoring • Block compulsion responses to anxiety • Cognitive Restructuring • Catastrophic Thinking • Psychopharmacology • Clomipramine (anafranil). Fluoxetine (prozac), Fluvoxamine (luvox)

  13. Post-Traumatic Stress disorder • Result of severe trauma and emotional distress. • Symptoms • Lasting 4+ weeks • Relies on (lack of) emotional resilience

  14. Treating PTSD • Prolonged Exposure • Expose to memories and cues related to trauma • Imaginal: recite memories in first person repeatedly until SUDS go down. • In vivo: spend time in similar environments that create anxiety related to the trauma

  15. Treatment for anxiety disorders • Biological • Antianxiety drugs • Antidepressant drugs • D-Cycloserine • Cognitive • Cognitive-behavior therapy • Behavioral • Exposure therapy • Systematic desensitization

  16. Mood disorders • Disorders characterized by emotional extremes • Major depressive disorder • Bipolar disorder

  17. Major Depressive disorder • Overwhelming sadness, hopelessness and loss of interest • Symptoms • Emotional • Cognitive • Motivational • Somatic • Symptoms last 2+ weeks • Prevalence

  18. Treating Depression • Albert Ellis – Cognitive Therapy • Confronting Irrational Thinking • Beck – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy • Socratic Dialogue • Thought Records • Event – Feelings – Cognitions – Other interpretations • Cognitive Restructuring • Collaborative Empiricism • Behavioral Homework Assignments • Scheduling Activities (Mastery, Pleasure, Tests) • Jacobson – Behavioral Activation • Increase opportunities for reinforcement

  19. Bipolar disorder • Characterized by wide swings between two emotional extremes • Mania • Depression • Cyclic switching between moods • Treatment – Lithium and behavioral therapies

  20. Treatment for mood disorders • Biological • Antidepressants (depression) • Mood stabilizers (bipolar) • Electroconvulsive therapy (depression) • Deep-brain stimulation (depression) • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (depression) • Psychotherapy • Cognitive-behavioral therapy • Psychodynamic/Interpersonal therapy

  21. Personality disorders • Maladaptive behaviors which impair social functioning • Antisocial personality disorder • Borderline personality disorder

  22. Antisocial personality disorder • Marked by a lack of conscience and malicious behavior patterns • Symptoms • Prevalence • Low in ______________ population, high in _______________ populations

  23. Antisocial personality disorder • Associated with reduced cortical volume and activation of the frontal cortex • Also associated with low levels of stress hormones and arousal

  24. Borderline personality disorder • Unstable personality, mood, identity and behavior • Symptoms • Emotional instability • Impulsivity • Unstable identity • Fear of abandonment • Paranoid ideation • Prevalence • 3:1 Females:Males

  25. Treating BPD • Linehan - Dialectical Behavior Therapy • Individual Therapy • Acceptance-Change dialectic • Group Skills Training • Emotion Regulation • Distress Tolerance • Interpersonal Effectiveness • Mindfulness • Therapist Consult Team • 24 Hour Phone Consultation

  26. Schizophrenia • Split from reality • Disorganization of thought, perceptions, emotions and behaviors • Prevalence

  27. Schizophrenia • Symptoms • Positive • Thought disorder • Hallucinations • Delusions • Negative • Flat affect • Lack of motivation • Decline in communication and interaction

  28. Schizophrenia • Dopamine hypothesis - excess of DA causes positive symptoms • Prenatal factors • Virus • Stress • Environmental or developmental factor influences onset

  29. Treatment for Schizophrenia • Biological • Antipsychotic drugs • Reduce dopamine • Long-term consequences • Behavioral • Operant conditioning • Token economy

More Related