The Intelligent Cities Project Report

1. The Intelligent Cities Project Report Jongwoo Han Department of Political Science Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs

2. Contents • Devolution of Political Authority • Government Reengineering • Examples of Inefficiency • Policy Issues in the Information Age • Basic Concepts • Literature Review • Obstacles in Informatization • Research Agenda

3. Devolution of Political Authority • What are the most important ingredients in democracy? • Michael Byron: the dispersed availability of information and communications technologies than levels of income for predicting a nation’s degree of democratization. • Transparency enhanced by IT and IS --> Weakening traditional political authority

4. Devolution of Political Authority • Taking Power away from National Governments  brought about by Changes in the bases of political power [empowered citizens and civic activism] • Example 1: Rising Civic Power empowered by Internet in Korea • http://2000.ngokorea.org/main.htm

5. Government Reengineering • e-Government for what? Business Process Reengineering for cost less and better Productivity • National Performance Review in 1993 • Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Government Performance and Results Act (Amended in 1998) of 1993, Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994, • The Debt Collection Improvement Act of 1996, which requires all federal payments to be made electronically by 1999. • Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 (ITMRA, Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996.) – Agencies required to designate CIOs to provide leadership in the use of information technology

6. Examples of Inefficiency • $25 b for welfare, $27 b for food stamp, 30mil for Medicaid, SSA $450 b to 44.3 mil beneficiaries, $13 b for public housing • Red-tape: paper-based, costly, frustrating for providers and clients alike, fraud and abuse • Remedy: Electronic Benefit Transfer • Benefit: Dept of Social Service, Tulare County CA administering programs with 4500 rules six feet of document, 32 pages application at maximum, investing $3.2 m saving $108 m • Smart Card Project: Processing cost for • - a paper-based purchase transaction were $120/transaction. • - An Internet/credit card $58/t • - A proposed Internet/Intranet process model $18/t

7. Policy Issues in the Information Age • regulation, deregulation • intellectual property rights • licensing, • incentives, • export control, • taxation

8. Policy Issues in the Information Age • enforcement of rights and responsibilities • advanced research, • standards, • security, • privacy, • ethics,

9. Policy Issues in the Information Age • social processes for adoption and use of IT infrastructure • global labor force • risk management among the constellation of providers and carriers • (networks, content, cable, broadcast, wireless voice and data, and telephone).

10. Basic Concepts • Intelligence Ladder: Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom by Montviloff and Blanc • Data represent the level composed of all the facts or “raw materials”. For example, a survey of age, gender, education, income, party affiliations will result in data for election. • Information refers to the synthesis and interpretation of data that will make sense in the context of use. organized, processed and structured according to a purpose. • Knowledge Knowledge answers the questions what, why, where, who, when, and how so that the use of information by the researcher to make a judgment on Election campaign. • Finally, wisdom is continually enriched and updated knowledge. This process occurs when knowledge confronts reality.

11. Example • Fox News (01/27/01) on Bush Admin • Job Approval Rating: Bush (43%), N:16%, N/A:40 • Favorable: Bush(60%), Cheney(63%) • Data: Individual idea on them in different Categories • Information: Processes • Knowledge: Put these numbers in Perspectives, Context • No majority votes, Florida Fiasco, Divided Congress • Bush vs Cheney? As levels go up ?

12. Basic Concepts • Information Technology: IT covers all technologies used in the collection, processing, and transmission of information. This includes microelectronics- and optoelectronic-based technologies as well as computers, telecommunications, electronic office equipment and software products.

13. Literature Review • Transformist • Continuist • Structuralist

14. Obstacles in Informatization • the shortage of qualified personnel in all areas of information, especially those who have both technical skill and organizational experience • the lack of access to existing information resources • insufficient financial and material resources for information activities—foreign exchange shortages may constitute an “insurmountable” problem for developing countries in the import-dependent information field

15. Research Agenda • Devolution of political authority and new political system? • Increasing disparities between information haves and have-nots • Widening income gap • How to measure increase in the productivity by informatization • Comprehensive survey of diverse national information policy • Surveillance society • What are the varying social, economic, cultural and political factors affecting the IP • Leadership in Informatization