Information Technology: Software Applications

1. Information Technology: Software Applications Supplemental G

2. The Need Become Familiar With Software Tools • A series of computer instructions is referred to as software or a computer program. • Business solution developers should focus on the software component of technology for several reasons: • Software enables an organization to utilize the potential of information technology. • Software enables an organization to enhance the personal productivity of employees customers and suppliers. • An organization’s information system is characterized more by software than the hardware components used to execute user instructions.

3. The Value Of Software • The value of computer software lies in its ability to help the organization do something better, such as improve management’s decision, efficiently provide goods and service to customers, or improve the effectiveness and efficiency of decisions, operations and information processes. • Software can contribute toward a valid solution in the following ways: • By improving organization. Improve operating, information and decision processes. • By providing real-time, useful information. Store, maintain and make, available the information decision makers need to plan, execute and evaluate organization activities. • By improving organizational and individual capacity to identify and control business and information risk. Provide flexibility to change and aid un the effort to balance operational efficiency and effectiveness. • By achieving organization strategy, accomplish goals and strategies.

4. Instructing Computer • In an attempt to make the computer easier to use, alternative means of instructing computers have been developed. Several categories of software, including: • Programming Languages • Operating System Software • Communications Software • Applications Software

5. EXHIBIT G-1 Assembly Language • 105 Loop DS OH • GET TRAN • LR R11, R1 • LA R10, ISRECORD • MVC ISJEY, TXKEY • PRINT GEN • WRITE ECB1, KN, NAMEFILE, ISAMAREA, “S”, (R11) • 117+ CNOP 0,4 • 118+ BAL 1,*+30 • 119+ECB1 DC A(0) • 120+ DC BL1”10” • 121+ DC BL1”000001000” • 122+ DC AL2(0) • 123+ DC A(NAMEFILE) • 124+ DC A(SAMAREA) • 125+ DC A(0) • 126+ DC A(0) • 127+ DC AL2(0) • 128+ ST R11,20(1,0) • 129+ L 15,NAMEFILE+92 • 130+ BALR 14,15 • WAIT ECB=ECB1 • 133+ LA 1,ECB1 • 134+ LA 0,1(0,0) • 135+ SVC 1 • CLI ECB1+24,X”00” • BE LOOP • TM ECB1+24,B”00001100” • BNZ HRDWRERR • TM ECB1+24,B”00100000” • BO NOSPACE • TM ECB1+24,B”00000001” • BO INVALID • B LOOP

6. Programming Languages • The basics of various generations of computer languages. • First Generation Programming Languages. Machine languages is another name for binary code, first generation programming language. • Second Generation Programming Languages, assembly languages, represent the first effort to develop a more humanlike language to communicate with the computer. • Third Generation Programming Languages, moved toward the development of procedure-oriented languages. As the name implies procedure-oriented languages describe processing procedures to be performed by the computer using English like vocabulary. • Newer wave of third generation languages includes object-oriented languages. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is more flexible than traditional programming. In OOP, a problem is modeled as a group of interacting objects.

7. Flowchart representation Example If the customer is listed in our files Then continue processing Else refer to the program code the details how to add the customer to our record End if NO Customer listed? ? Add to records If Then Else YES Continue Processing Do while answer is “Yes” Display the transaction data input screen Store the entered data in transaction file A Ask the user if there is more data Store the user’s response in the variable A End Do Post the transaction data to the master file Get data Store the data in transaction file A Do Loop Ask is more data More data NO ? post YES i=1 For i = 1 to 10 Sum i plus the square root of I Store the sum in the variable result Add 1 to I End for Display the variable Result Set i to 1 Add i + Sq. Rt. of I Result = I Add i + 1 For Loop YES Is i > 10? ? Display Result NO EXHIBIT G-2 Sample Program Logic

8. Fourth Generation Programming Languages, concentrate on delivering a complete application development environment to the non technical user. Fifth Generation Programming Languages. Concentrate on embedding intelligence applications as fifth generation languages. Translating computer languages Examples of software program errors Writing computer instructions is called programming or coding. There are at least types of programming: syntax errors and semantic errors. Syntax errors are execution errors, in which the computer is unable understand the grammar or vocabulary of the instructions, which prevent program execution Semantic errors are logical-the syntax of the instructions is correct but it instructs the computer to perform undesirable task or to perform desirable incorrectly.

9. Compiler, interpreter, or assembler Source code object code EXHIBIT G-3 Language Translation

10. Communications Software • The merger of telecommunication and computer technologies is one of the most important developments in information technology. This convergence has resulted in a variety of connectivity software: • PC to PC Software • Local Area Network (LAN) Software • PC to hast software • Wide Area Network (WAN) Software • Client/Server Software • Web/Internet Software

11. Applications Software • Application software includes the vast variety of program written to process user request to enter, update, store, query or report information. • Sample personal Productivity • Financial modeling tools. There is a variety of software that enables what if analysis. Among the many types, electronic spreadsheets are probably the most popular. • Using spreadsheet technology, individuals are able to perform sophisticated analyses of complex business such as justifying the purchase a large piece of capital equipment, determining the cost of a product, or negotiating the terms of a loan. • Database management system software (DBMS), a DBMS allows users to integrate and maintain a variety of data and programs previously stored in separate applications.

12. Web browser used to access the massive system of multimedia computer resources that are geographically dispersed around the world. Business application software. This software includes transaction processing software, decision support software and executive information system. General Ledger (GL) software is most identified with the accounting function. Production management system help organization plan, evaluate, and the execute the production system. Order/sales entry handles customer orders and the sale of products and services to customers. Inventory management this software handles the acquisition, storage, control and movement of inventory. Human resource management software manages information about employee hiring, training, scheduling, compensation, benefits and termination. Enterprise resource planning software, integrated, flexible and process focused. Enterprise resource planning software helps fill these needs.

13. Groupware software developers are adapting their products to allow people to work together to complete organization tasks. • Other software used to enhance organization productivity,

14. Future Direction For Software • Software has highlighted a variety of future development issues, including: • The need for tools and methods that enable more rapid, efficient application development • The sift from department processing and data storage model to an enterprise perspective. • The desire to allows computer user (clients) to control processes rather than having processes control the user. • The need for improved user interfaces and communication of a variety of data forms • The need to facilitate communication globally and throughout cyberspace.