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Egypt, 1500-1952

Egypt, 1500-1952. Colonialism and Independence in An Ancient Land. Egypt. The Mameluk Period. Independence gained from Abbasid Caliphate Becomes Ottoman territory in 1517

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Egypt, 1500-1952

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  1. Egypt, 1500-1952 Colonialism and Independence in An Ancient Land

  2. Egypt

  3. The Mameluk Period • Independence gained from Abbasid Caliphate • Becomes Ottoman territory in 1517 • Tension between Ottoman rulers and Mameluks, who like the Janissaries, were an enslaved class who through military prowess, became a caste within a Muslim State • Mameluks run Egypt on a day to day basis. • Mameluks crushed rebellion against Ottomans by local Sultan in 1768

  4. Mameluks were both a soldier and a defacto governing class in Egypt prior to 1798

  5. Emergence of Egyptian Independence • Napoleonic Invasion and British response temporarily topple Mameluk government in Egypt (1798-1801) • Turks regain control of Egypt and successfully oust the Mameluks as governors. • Mehemet Ali (1769-1849) became the Ottoman governor of Egypt and in 1839 completed a war of Independence against the Sultan • Egyptian cotton industry begun under Mehemet Ali and much European technology was imported. • Sudan added to Egypt by Mehemet’s armies

  6. Mehemet Ali Made Egypt Independent of Ottomans, but His successors’ Policies brought In British Imperialism.

  7. The Pashalik State (1839-1882) • Mehemet Ali and his successors modernized Egypt, especially militarily. • Massive debt bankrupted Egypt and permitted European creditors to seize Egypt—imperialism via fiscal means. • Much debt came by Pasha Said and successors’ borrowing to build the Suez Canal. • Personal monetary profligacy by Pasha Ismail leads him to sell Egypt’s stock in Suez Canal to British in 1875.

  8. The Suez Canal continues To be a complex tool of Imperialism.

  9. British Colonialism (1882-1953) • Britain and France were defacto governors of Egypt beginning in 1879. • Egyptian nationalists revolted and Britain crushed them, assuming more effective control in 1882. • Britain ruled Egypt with military and an Egyptian civil service class. • By 1922, British weakness due to WWI and Egyptian nationalism prompts Britain to declare Egypt independent, but British economic and military presence dominates Egypt until 1953. Egyptian Kind Fuad is really a British puppet.

  10. King Fuad, 1868-1936 was Seen as a Vendido by the Egyptian nationalists. Led by Nasser, they ousted his son, King Farouk, in 1952.

  11. Nasser’s Egypt • Gamal Nasser (1918-1970) head nationalists who oppose informal colonialism. • Establishment of Israel goads them especially. • Military outs King in 1952 and Nasser seizes power. • Under Nasser—Arab Socialism—foreign assets, including the Suez Canal were seized. • Socialism seemed the proper response to capitalistic European Imperialism.

  12. Nasser symbolized both Pan-Arab anti-colonialism And Arab Socialism.

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