Industrialization and Urbanization in America

1. Industrialization andUrbanization in America

2. Objectives • USH.2.1 Identify the factors necessary for industrialization • USH.2.1 Describe economic developments that transformed the United States into a major industrial power. • USH.2.2 Identify key ideas, movements, and inventions and explain their impact on rural communities and urban communities in the United States • USH 2.3-2.7; and many more .

3. Industrialization • The process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. • Developed country means an industrialized country • Developing country means a traditional country; trying to change to an industrialized country • Fundamental changes: • Daily lives are change: family, work, etc. • Politics change

4. Industrialization • “Gilded Age” • 4 main changes/factors: • Technology • Innovation • Resources • Organization • Not every American was happy with the change • Every aspect of American culture and politics were changed

5. Urbanization • Moving from rural to urban • Farm living to city living

6. Gilded Age: Social Thought • Social Darwinism: • Herbert Spenser: • “survival of the fittest” • Do not intervene with poverty • William Graham Sumner: • Applied Social Darwinism • Wrote: “What the Social Classes owe to Each other” (1883) • He says they owe nothing to each other

7. Gilded Age: Social Thought • Social Darwinism • Andrew Carnegie: • Came from poor Scottish to America • Wrote “Gospel of Wealth” • Owned 2/3 of steel (named U.S. Steel) • Gave $350 million away • Built many libraries for children • Horatio Alger: • Books on how to change from poverty to rich successful people • “From Farm Boy to Senator” • “Ragged Dick”

8. Andrew Carnegie U.S. Steel Company Owner

9. Horatio Alger

10. Gilded Age: Social Thought • Protestant Work Ethic • Hard working is morally good • Wealth is morally good • Poverty is morally wrong • Everything determined by you

11. Gilded Age: Innovations and Inventions • Elisha Otis • Safety Elevator (1852) • Alexander Graham Bell • Telephone (1876) • Thomas Edison (1847-1931) • Electricity-light bulb (1880) • Granville Woods • African American inventor • Steam Boiler Furnace (1884)

12. Gilded Age: Innovations and Inventions • Guglielmo Marconi • Wireless telegraph (1896) • 1850s: English Henry Bessemer • Developed Bessemer Process: • Process of purifying iron, resulting in strong, but lightweight steel • America quickly adopts the process • 1890-U.S. outproducing Great Britain with steel manufacturing.

13. Gilded Age: Innovations and Inventions • Suspension Bridges created from the creation of steel • Brooklyn Bridge (1883 completed) • 1st suspension bridge suspended by steel cables • Transportation innovations • George Westinghouse created air brakes for trains in 1869 • Gustavus Swift developed refrigerated cars for carrying food on trains in 1887 • 1883-three transcontinental railroad lines were created

14. Gilded Age: Politics • Gilded Age Presidents • Rutherford B. Hayes: • Put down a railroad strike in 1877 by killing 70 workers with the federal army • James Garfield • July 2-shot in arm • Sept.-died from infection • Handed out many jobs • Chester Arthur • Fair to both political parties

15. Gilded Age: Politics • Gilded Age Presidents • Grover Cleveland • Vetoed almost everything that came across his desk • Benjamin Harrison • Cheated the election • Lost popular vote but won electorial vote-2nd to occur • Grover Cleveland • Only President to run two separate terms • Blamed for the 1893 Depression • Labor Party was his biggest supporter (Populist)

16. President Benjamin Harrison William Henry Harrison’s son

17. Gilded Age: Politics • Congress • Created Veterans Benefits • 1st time vets received benefits • Given to only white and black union vets • Tariffs: • Tax imports • Protect American industry

18. Gilded Age: Meat Packing • Meat packed with much harmful additives inside package • Upton Sinclair: The Jungle • Spoke on meat packing • Conditions of the work • Meat was dropped on the floor, sneezed on, coughed on, and still went through • Pg 220

19. Gilded Age: Daily life • Urban places overcrowded • Most families live with more than one family in a tenements • 1879: windows had to be in every room • Trash was thrown out of the window in the street • Work 12, 14, or even 16 hrs. a day • Apartments (tenements) had no plumbing and no sewage • Water shortage

20. Gilded Age: Workers Hardships • Factory work became a very popular way to earn money • Sweatshops are factories that are hot, dark, and dirty workhouses with workers working 12 hr shifts. • Factory work was very dangerous and locked in • No OSHA • Workers were killed regularly • Workers had very few breaks

21. Gilded Age: Labor Unions Formed • Knights of Labor founded 1869 by Uriah Stephens • Recruited African Americans regularly • 1881: Terence V. Powderly became leader of the Knights • Said that everyone are welcome except Chinese • They oppose wage labor • American Federal of Labor (AFL) founded 1886 by Samuel Gompers • Only let skilled workers in • They had strikes, but no political reforms

22. Knights of Labor

23. American Federal of Labor Symbol

24. Immigration: Push-Pull • Push Factors: • Religious persecution for Russians and Eastern European Jews • Wanted to have a new start • Land reform and low prices forced many farmers off their land in Mexico, Poland, and China • Pull Factors: • Plentiful land offered • Jobs needed • Political Freedom

25. Immigration: Who they were? • East Coast: • Ellis Island • Before 1880: European immigrants that could assimilate into American culture easily • Germans • Scandinavians • Irish • After 1880: European immigrants having a harder time assimilating mostly because they were poverty • Jews, Slaves (Polish, Bulgarians, etc), and Italians

26. Immigration: Who they were? • West Coast • Angel Island • All come after 1880 • Chinese • Mexicans • Japanese • Etc. • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882-1943 told them no more Chinese come into America • Most of the Chinese workers worked on the transcontinental railroad

27. Immigration: Social/legal Whiteness • European Immigrants: • Irish were considered the European Blacks • Italians were lynched and killed • New Orleans (1891) • Jews were never really liked by anyone • Leo Frank (1913)

28. Immigration: Social/legal Whiteness • Asian Immigrants: • Chinese were told by the Supreme Court that they were not of the Caucasian race • In re ah Yup 1876 • Indians thought that they were of the right race and was told no • U.S. vs. Bhagat Singh Thind 1923 • Japanese believed they were of the Caucasian race and did not gain citizenship • Owaza vs. U.S. 1922

29. Popular Entertainment • Amusement Parks • Outdoor activities • Musical dramas • Movie theaters • Sports: Baseball, horse racing, bike racing, boxing, football, etc.

30. Populism: Populist Party • Rose out of a falling economy (deflation) • Ex: corn falls 43% • Wheat falls 50% • Farmers organize • The Grange (1867) by Oliver H. Kelley • “Patron of Husbandry” • Created by people who raise livestock and agriculture

31. Populism: Populist Party • Farmers organize • Farmer's Alliances (1876) started in Texas • Active in 48 states when started • Wanted to get the government to work with them • Populist Party (1892): “People's Party” • Wanted to build a new federal government from the ground up • Omaha Platform: adopted views in July 1892 • Unlimited coinage of silver • Graduated income tax • Government ownership of railroad and telegraph companies • Bank regulations

32. Populism: Election of 1896 • William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan • Populist party gave Bryan their support • “Cross of Gold” speech • “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify man upon a cross of gold.” • Bryan went all out on election: first tour of the nation as a presidential candidate, speak directly to people, and many other things. • William McKinley won election with 271 electoral votes while Bryan had only 176