eNavigation 2010: Technology, Policy and People

1. eNavigation 2010: Technology, Policy and People Identifying Solutions: The Human Element November 16, 2010 GEOFFREY W. GILL Of Counsel Law Offices of Countryman & McDaniel Los Angeles

2. Early eNav?

3. “… it was not the compass bearings… which were wrong, but the judgment of the men who interpreted these bearings and who used them wrongly.” - Naval Court

4. Training • Use • Consequences of use

5. Lead • Log • Lookout • Celestial Navigation

6. eNav withdraws the mariner form the physical environment within which the risk must be resolved. Royal Majesty

8. Risk Homeostasis Theory • Radar-induced collisions • Increased speed in reduced visibility

9. Lessens Manual Workload – Increases Mental Workload • “… universal problem of a generation that is being brought up to rely on technology to solve problems without having to think for themselves.” • Squire, D. “The Role of the Human Element in Navigation and Other Ship Systems. • engendering the undesirable human trait to select the easiest option - Hadnett, “A Bridge Too Far?”

10. Complexity • possibilities encourage designers and engineers toward ever greater complexity

11. Complexity • Failure to obtain relevant information....….58.5% • gather • Failure to integrate or comprehend relevant information…………………………....……..32.7% • recognize • Failure to project proper future action….…..8.8% • Decide • Newer ships – greater SA loss

12. “The principal difficulty lay in there being too much evidence [data]. What was vital was overlaid and hidden by what was irrelevant.” - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Naval Treaty”

14. Pilot: [unintelligible] you said this was the center of the bridge. Master [Cosco Busan]: Yes. Pilot: No, this is the center. That’s the tower. This is the tower. That’s why we hit it. I thought that was the center. Master: It’s a buoy. [unintelligible] the chart. Pilot: Yeah, see. No, this is the tower. I asked you if that was [unintelligible] … Captain, you said it was the center. Master: Cen…cen…cen…center. Pilot: Yeah, that’s the bridge pier [expletive]. I thought it was the center.

15. Ruthless Hal 9000 -- “Dave, I can see you're really upset about this.” - 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) HMAS Ballarat

16. Trust But Verify • “… entire weight of the seafaring tradition is that nothing is to be trusted.” - Kendra, “Looking Out The Window”

17. “It is far better not to know where one is, and realize that one does not know, than to be certain one is in one place where one is not.” - Lieutenant Barral, “Digressions On The Navigation Of Cape Horn,” 1857.

18. Repercussions • new capabilities encourage use maximizing potential beyond design • adaptations “surprising” and unintended • adaptations prone to failure • adaptations conceal shortcomings from people outside operational environment.

19. Redundancy • Reduced manning • Backup to catch one-person error

20. Operator / Observer or Mariner?

21. THANK YOU! GEOFFREY W. GILL Of Counsel Countryman & McDaniel 5933 West Century Blvd., Suite 1111 Los Angeles, California T: (310) 342-6500 F: (310) 342-6505 E: gwg@cargolaw.com www.cargolaw.com