Nutrition And Management Strategies In Livestock Production

1. Nutrition And Management Strategies In Livestock Production Awosanmi Olugbenga Ph.D., M.B.A. General Manager Folawiyo Farms Ltd, Ilora

2. Goals Of Livestock Production • To produce meat, milk,egg &fish as food items • A very large and global industry

3. WORLD FEED PRODUCTION Projected Animal and Poultry Feed Production for 1997(M tonnes)

4. Nutrition • Basis for sound health and profitable livestock production • 70% of Total Production Costs in Intensive Animal Production Systems • Profits is frequently only 12-15% of total feed costs • Importance underlined by changing concepts- Optimum Nutrition, Total Nutrition.

5. Production Costs Frozen Chicken % • Doc 28.65 • Feed 43.58 • Drugs &Vaccines 9.15 • Overheads 11.56 • Energy 4.03 • Labour 1.85 • Miscellaneous 1.18

6. Production Costs Eggs % • Feed 54.29 • Labour 2.09 • Drugs & Vaccines 0.16 • Overheads 39.70 • Miscellaneous 3.76

7. NUTRIENTS Carbohydrates Fats Minerals Proteins Vitamins Water NUTRICINES Antioxidants(Bht/Bha) Colours(Carophyll) Emulsifiers(Lecithin) Enzymes(Roxazyme G) Flavours(Essential oils) Organic acids(Biotronic) TOTAL NUTRITION

8. TOTAL NUTRITION contd • NUTRIENTS are the generally recognized components of feed such as Carbohydrates etc • NUTRICINES are components of feeds that exert a beneficial effect upon health and metabolism, yet are not direct nutrients

9. Nutrition In Practice1 • Quality of Feed Ingredients -adulteration (oyster-shells/bone-meal mixed with sand) -GNC with shell - methionine with starch - moist maize with dry maize

10. Nutrition In Practice 2 • High bacteria load(colliforms,salmonella,etc • Blood-meal, fish-meal esp 65%,Bone-meal

11. Nutrition In Practice 3 • Mycotoxin contamination(Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins,Fumonisins,Tricothecenes etc) Groundnut cake, Maize Use of Mycotoxin binders/detoxifiers • Vitamin mineral premix potency/expiry(cold storage, procurement in small batches)

12. Proximate Analysis Of Some Ingredients On Farm

13. Proximate Analysis Of Some Ingredients On Farm2

14. Proximate Analysis of Some Ingredients On Farm3

15. Proximate Analysis of Some Ingredients On Farm4

16. Nutrition In Practice 4 • Ration Formulation to meet specifications • Least cost programmes • Spread sheet short cut • Calorie/protein ratio • Mix of ingredients for balance e.g protein- soybean meal/fish- meal/cotton seedcake/groundnut cake/palmkernel cake Minerals-Limestone/oyster shell Bone-meal/calcium di-phosphate

17. Nutrition In Practice 5 • Ensure proper/adequate mixing(15mins for vertical mixers) • Ensure appropriate particle size • Use of Alternative Ingredients Maize-Wheat/Rice-meal/ Biscuit crumbs .Use of oil for broilers also for large egg size(linoleic acid), good for dry season because of heat increment, full fat soya very useful

18. Nutrition In Practice 6 • Monitoring of feed intake • Effect of heat stress- feeding in cool hours of the day • Adjutment of nutrient levels to make up for drop in intake • Use of ice blocks, vitamin C, planting of shade trees • Freshness of feed • Palatability • Availability of clean water • Pelleting of feed

19. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES • Geo-climatic changes due to Ozone layer depletion(green-house effect) exerting environmental stress • Ambient temperatures peaks @ 39-40 oC often with high RH • Results in high mortality and heavy production losses

20. Panacea • Environmental control • Tunnel ventillation • Ceiling fans • Poly-urethane under coating of roof • Alluminium/asbestos roofing • Thatching of roof

21. Management Strategies 2 • Optimum size/scale of operations • With declining profit margins, volume becomes a matter of must (mega size)

22. Integration to various extents from backward to forward very useful Diversification into complementary areas Poultry and Aquaculture Waste to wealth Table fish-Fingerling production- Fish feed production Feed raw materials- Feed production Management Strategies 3

23. Diversification • Aquaculture

24. Pond construction • Excellent returns

25. Diversification • Fingerling Hatchery

26. Fingerling Hatchery • High pottentials

27. Fingerling Production

28. Diversification • Fish pellets production

29. Diversification • Fish feed production

30. Diversification • Crop processing • Multi-grain thresher • Nova Technologies

31. Diversification • Snail Rearing

32. Diversification • Ruminant production

33. Diversification • Cattle

34. Forward Integration • Marketing • Wholesale • Retail

35. Backward Integration • Hedge against inflation • Efficient utilization of resources

36. Environmental Control • Good cost recovery • Sahlmet- Germany

37. Management Strategy • Environmental control • Roof thatching

38. Training • Management retreat • In-house, external training • Net-working with stake holders • International trade fairs/ courses

39. Health Management • Becoming very challenging with increasing disease risks, build-up of disease resistance ,poor quality of inputs(doc, vaccines,drugs,feed ingredients,spare-parts etc) • Calls for dynamism with emphasis on prevention,biosecurity, and good technical back-up(serology, bacteriology and drug sensitivity tests)

40. Need to have good hold on competition,excellent customer service and efficient net-work for information and knowledge Need to participate actively in pressure group activities to protect interests and promote good interphase with policy makers and regulatory bodies Management Strategies

41. Thank You • An invited paper presented at Animal Science Department, University Of Ibadan on Thursday,31st August 2006